ArticleParasites & vectors2019
Analysis of the Cryptosporidium spp. and gp60 subtypes linked to human outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales, 2009 to 2017.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 139 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cryptosporidium in Rabbits: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prevalence, Species/Genotypes Distribution and Zoonotic Significance.Veterinary medicine and science · 2025Pooled it
- Health sequelae of human cryptosporidiosis in industrialised countries: a systematic review.Parasites & vectors · 2020Pooled it
- Recurrent zoonoticEpidemiology and infection · 2026Article
- Large-scale molecular epidemiological survey ofJournal of clinical microbiology · 2026Article
- A Real-Time PCR-Based Method for the Sequence Determination of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum gp60 Subtypes During Epidemiological Investigations.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Integrated epidemiological and molecular analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis isolates in dairy calves from Terceira Island, Azores.Parasitology research · 2025Article
- The transformation of aFood and waterborne parasitology · 2025Review
- A largeEpidemiology and infection · 2025Article
- ConcurrentEuro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Article
- SKSR1 identified as key virulence factor in Cryptosporidium by genetic crossing.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis as an Investigation Tool inMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Retrospective case-case study investigation of a significant increase inEuro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Article
- Deciphering a cryptic minefield: A guide toCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2025Review
- First nationwide investigation ofCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2025Article
- Comparison of four diagnostic techniques forQatar medical journal · 2025Article
- A review of recentCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2025Review
- Article
- Investigating genetic diversity withinCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2025Article
- Prevalence ofInternational journal of veterinary science and medicine · 2025Article
- Design, development, and testing of a new multi-locus sequence typing scheme for the zoonotic pathogenCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2025Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCryptosporidium spp. are important causes of gastroenteritis that can be transmitted from humans and animals. We elucidated the distribution of species and gp60 subtypes in human outbreaks classified by transmission vehicle.
methodsWe used a combined database of national outbreak surveillance and reference unit data to analyse outbreaks by setting, vehicle, season, and linkage with suspected sources.
resultsA total of 178 outbreaks involving 4031 laboratory confirmed cases were identified; 82 (46%) outbreaks involved recreational waters, 74 (42%) animal contact, 4 (2%) environmental contact, 4 (2%) person-to-person spread, 3 (2%) food, 2 (1%) drinking water supplies, and 9 (5%) were of unknown source. The infecting Cryptosporidium sp. was identified in 131 (74%) outbreaks; 69 were C. parvum, 60 C. hominis, and in two outbreaks cases were infected with either species. Animal contact, environmental contact, and food-borne outbreaks were exclusively C. parvum and were mainly in first half of the year. Recreational water outbreaks were predominantly C. hominis and were mainly in the second half of the year. Outbreaks attributed to person-to-person spread were exclusively C. hominis and all occurred in October. Both C. parvum and C. hominis caused drinking waterborne outbreaks. Gp60 subtypes were identified from patients in 48 C. parvum and 38 C. hominis outbreaks, revealing more subtypes among C. parvum (n = 14) than C. hominis (n = 7) outbreaks. Cryptosporidium hominis IbA10G2 predominated (30 outbreaks). Of C. parvum subtypes, IIaA15G2R1 predominated (17 outbreaks), followed by IIaA17G1R1 (12 outbreaks), IIaA19G1R1 (four outbreaks), and other subtypes caused three or fewer outbreaks each. Linkage between cases and suspected sources by gp60 subtype was established in nine animal contact, three swimming pool, and one drinking water outbreak.
conclusionsThe public health benefit of identifying infecting species and subtypes was twofold: (i) identifying and strengthening epidemiologic links between cases; and (ii) indicating possible exposures and sources to inform outbreak management. Gp60 subtype refined the epidemiological investigations, but a multilocus genotyping scheme would provide further benefit. Characterisation of Cryptosporidium spp. and subtypes needs to shift from predominantly supporting outbreak investigations to becoming nationally systematic.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.