ReviewPediatric research2019
Human milk as "chrononutrition": implications for child health and development.
Review in Pediatric research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06342674 (Effect of Breast Milk Circadian Properties on Infant Growth Parameters and Nutrient Absorption in Preterm Newborns), which is not on this map. Cited by 37 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Breast Milk Circadian Properties on Infant Growth Parameters and Nutrient Absorption in Preterm Newborns
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Breastfeeding and risk of overweight in childhood and beyond: a systematic review with emphasis on sibling-pair and intervention studies.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Feeding Mode Is Associated with Infant Night Sleep Trajectories During the First Postnatal Year.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Pumps, patriarchy, and profits: the rise of breast pumping and "human milk feeding" and why preserving "breastfeeding" is important.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- The Circadian Composition of Breast Milk: A Natural Starting Point for Chrononutrition.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- The CommonNutrients · 2026Article
- Characterization of the different volatile organic compounds in human and ruminant milk using electronic nose analysis and headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.Food chemistry: X · 2026Article
- Diurnal rhythms in melatonin and cortisol in very preterm human milk.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Little women: the relevance and reliance on mouse models for mammary gland research and next steps for translation.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2025Review
- Day/night fluctuations of breast milk bioactive factors and microbiome.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- High-throughput, pan-leukocyte biomarkers for the detection of inflammation in human breastmilk and stool.Frontiers in epigenetics and epigenomics · 2025Article
- Postnatal Development of the Circadian Rhythmicity of Human Pineal Melatonin Synthesis and Secretion (Systematic Review).Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Melatonin in Human Breast Milk and Its Potential Role in Circadian Entrainment: A Nod towards Chrononutrition?Nutrients · 2024Review
- Associations of Infant Feeding, Sleep, and Weight Gain with the Toddler Gut Microbiome.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Comprehensive review of melatonin as a promising nutritional and nutraceutical supplement.Heliyon · 2024Review
- Sampling Procedures for Estimating the Infant Intake of Human Milk Leptin, Adiponectin, Insulin, Glucose, and Total Lipid.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Circadian Variation in Human Milk Hormones and Macronutrients.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Article
- Metabolomic and exposomic biomarkers of risk of future neurodevelopmental delay in human milk.Pediatric research · 2023Article
- Parental factors that impact the ecology of human mammary development, milk secretion, and milk composition-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 1.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human biology follows recurring daily rhythms that are governed by circadian cues in the environment. Here we show that human milk is a powerful form of "chrononutrition," formulated to communicate time-of-day information to infants. However, 85% of breastfed infants in the US consume some milk that does not come directly from the breast but is pumped and stored in advance of feeding. Expressed milk is not necessarily circadian-matched (e.g., an infant might drink breastmilk pumped in the evening on the following morning). Ingesting mistimed milk may disrupt infants' developing circadian rhythms, potentially contributing to sleep problems and decreased physiological attunement with their mothers and environments. Dysregulated circadian biology may compromise infant health and development. Despite wide-ranging public health implications, the timing of milk delivery has received little empirical study, and no major pediatric or public health organization has issued recommendations regarding the circadian-matching of milk. However, potential adverse developmental and health consequences could be ameliorated by simple, low-cost interventions to label and circadian-match stored milk. The current paper reviews evidence for human milk as chrononutrition and makes recommendations for future research, practice, and policy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.