ArticleNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco2020
Urine Metabolites for Estimating Daily Intake of Nicotine From Cigarette Smoking.
Article in Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed.
- Titration of nicotine intake in smokers switching to reduced nicotine content cigarettes with access to alternative nicotine systems: Secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Trial
- Standardized research electronic cigarette acceptability among adult men and women who smoke combustible cigarettes.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2025Trial
- Development and Validation of a Novel Placental DNA Methylation Biomarker of Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy in the ECHO Program.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Trial
- Changes in biomarkers of exposure and withdrawal symptom among Chinese adult smokers after completely or partially switching from combustible cigarettes to an electronic nicotine delivery system.Internal and emergency medicine · 2024Trial
- Faster CYP2A6 increases COPD and lung cancer risk by increasing smoking quantity: a mediated mendelian randomization and observational mediation study.Respiratory research · 2026Observational
- Nicotine and tobacco transitions among US youth using electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS): Associations with frequency, nicotine dependence, and biomarkers of exposure.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- Newborn metabolomic perturbations associated with prenatal tobacco smoke exposure and early birth.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Urinary Tobacco and Nicotine Exposure Biomarkers as Predictors of Transitions between Cigarette and e-Cigarette Use in the Exhale Longitudinal Cohort Study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Observational
- Toxicant and Nicotine Exposure in Pregnant Smokers, Vapers, and Nicotine-Replacement Users: Cross-Sectional Study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Dynamic Treatment Regimes on Dyadic Networks.Statistics in medicine · 2024Article
- Underreporting of non-study cigarette use by study participants confounds the interpretation of results from ambulatory clinical trial of reduced nicotine cigarettes.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- Plasma nicotine and its metabolite as biomarkers of tobacco exposure and their relevance to pulmonary nodule.Biomarkers in medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Simultaneous Measurement and Distribution Analysis of Urinary Nicotine, Cotinine, Trans-3'-Hydroxycotinine, Nornicotine, Anabasine, and Total Nicotine Equivalents in a Large Korean Population.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Biochemical and genetic biomarkers associated with nicotine dependence in Mexican smokers.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2023Article
- Validating Wave 1 (2014) Urinary Cotinine and TNE-2 Cut-points for Differentiating Wave 4 (2017) Cigarette Use from Non-use in the United States Using Data from the PATH Study.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2023Article
- Nicotine Intake in Adult Pod E-cigarette Users: Impact of User and Device Characteristics.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- Quantitation of Ten Urinary Nicotine Metabolites, Including 4-Hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl) Butanoic Acid, a Product of Nicotine 2'-Oxidation, and CYP2A6 Activity in Japanese Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Whites.Chemical research in toxicology · 2023Article
- Reducing tobacco-associated lung cancer risk: a study protocol for a randomized clinical trial of AB-free kava.Trials · 2023Article
- Association between Fathers' Use of Heated Tobacco Products and Urinary Cotinine Concentrations in Their Spouses and Children.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionAccurate measurement of nicotine exposure from cigarette smoke is important in studying disease risk and level of dependence. Urine total nicotine equivalents, the molar sum of nicotine and six metabolites (NE7), accounts for more than 90% of a nicotine dose and is independent of individual metabolic differences. However, measuring NE7 is technically difficult and costly. We compared NE7, the gold standard of nicotine intake, with different combinations of fewer urinary nicotine metabolites. We also examined the impact of individual differences in nicotine metabolic rate, sex, and race on strength of association with NE7.
methodsUrine samples from 796 daily smokers, who participated across five clinical studies, were assayed for nicotine and/or metabolites. Associations with NE7 were assessed by regression and Bland-Altman analyses.
resultsOverall, the molar sum of urine [cotinine + 3'-hydroxycotinine (3HC)] (NE2) and [nicotine + cotinine + 3HC] (NE3) were strongly correlated with NE7 (r = .97 and .99, respectively). However, in slow metabolizers NE2 was less predictive of NE7, whereas NE3 was equally robust. Urine total cotinine was also strongly correlated with NE7 (r = .87).
conclusionsUrine NE3 is a robust biomarker of daily nicotine intake, independently of individual metabolic differences, whereas NE2 is less accurate in slow metabolizers. Our findings inform the selection of more rigorous and cost-effective measures to assess nicotine exposure in tobacco research studies. IMPLICATIONS: The molar sum of urine total nicotine, cotinine and 3HC (NE3) is a robust biomarker of daily nicotine intake, independently of individual metabolic differences, and performs as well as measuring seven nicotine metabolites (NE7). The sum of cotinine and 3HC (NE2) is less accurate in slow metabolizers. Our findings inform the selection of more rigorous and cost-effective measures to assess nicotine exposure in tobacco research studies.
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