ArticleBMC women's health2019
"A secret club": focus groups about women's toileting behaviors.
Article in BMC women's health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The use of urinary biomarkers in the diagnosis of overactive bladder in female patients. A systematic review and meta-analysis.International urogynecology journal · 2021Pooled it
- A mixed-methods scoping review on bladder self-care practices in women with and without lower urinary tract symptoms.Continence (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Associations Between U.S. Women's Toileting Behaviors and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of RISE for HEALTH Study Data.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2025Article
- The many facets of perceived bladder health in women: Absence of symptoms and presence of healthy behaviors across the life course.Continence (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Examination of the relationship between toilet behaviors and recurrent urinary system infection in women.Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992) · 2025Article
- Lactobacillus-Polydopamine System for Targeted Drug Delivery in Overactive Bladder: Evidence from Bladder Cell Spheroids, Rat Models, and Urinary Microbiome Profiling.International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Article
- Preferences for Public Health Messaging Related to Bladder Health in Adolescent and Adult Women.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2023Article
- When Did They Start? Age of Onset of Toileting Behaviors and Urinary Cues as Reported by Older Women.Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2023Article
- Article
- The making of a nurse scientist: A personal narrative.International journal of nursing sciences · 2022Article
- A multisite focus group study of US adult women's beliefs and assumptions about bladder health and function.Neurourology and urodynamics · 2022Article
- Toileting Behaviors and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: A Cross-sectional Study of Diverse Women in the United States.International journal of nursing studies advances · 2021Article
- The Development of a Public Bathroom Perception Scale.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of urinary incontinence in women living in China: a literature review.BMC urology · 2020Review
- Women's Perceptions of Public Restrooms and the Relationships with Toileting Behaviors and Bladder Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Study.The Journal of urology · 2020Article
- Why Do Women Not Use the Bathroom? Women's Attitudes and Beliefs on Using Public Restrooms.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- I never knew anyone who peed on themselves on purpose: Exploring adolescent and adult women's lay language and discourse about bladder health and function.Neurourology and urodynamics · 2020Article
- Toileting Behaviors Related to Urination in Women: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- U.S. Adolescent and Adult Women's Experiences Accessing and Using Toilets in Schools, Workplaces, and Public Spaces: A Multi-Site Focus Group Study to Inform Future Research in Bladder Health.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundUnderstanding reasons for and impact of women's toileting behaviors on bladder health is important to prevent and manage urinary incontinence (UI) and overactive bladder (OAB).
methodsWomen, regardless of urinary incontinence (UI) and overactive bladder (OAB) status, were recruited in Pennsylvania and North Carolina. Focus groups were conducted by trained female moderators and sessions were audiotaped. Participants completed an anonymous questionnaire containing validated items to determine the presence of UI and OAB. Audiotapes were transcribed and content was analyzed by two investigators to identify themes.
resultsTwenty-four women participated (mean age 68 ± 13.4 years); most had UI (75%) or OAB (87.5%). Many women had difficulty in describing bladder health, and talked about bladder function, diseases or conditions, and control over the bladder. Four themes about toileting emerged: 1) cues/triggers/alerts women used to find and use toilets, 2) toilet cleanliness away from and at home, 3) toileting as a nuisance, and 4) situational awareness. Women described internal (e.g., sensation of heaviness) and external cues/triggers/alerts (e.g., walking by restrooms), and the trade-off between their concerns about public toilet cleanliness and the need to urinate. Some women expressed being irritated or annoyed about having to stop activities to urinate. Most women reported sitting on their home toilets, whereas, many hovered or stood over the toilet in public places.
conclusionsThe information gained from this study will facilitate the development of relevant public health messaging and interventions to raise public awareness about UI, OAB, and bladder health with the aim to encourage women to seek help when symptoms are present.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.