SynthesisClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2019
Global Typhoid Fever Incidence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 112 citations in OpenAlex.
- Typhoid Fever in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Systematic Review, 1990-2021.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Pooled it
- Incidence of non-typhoidal Salmonella invasive disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.The Journal of infection · 2021Pooled it
- A Systematic Review on Antimicrobial Resistance amongThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Pooled it
- Using hospital-based studies of community-onset bloodstream infections to make inferences about typhoid fever incidence.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2019Pooled it
- Global trends and molecular epidemiology of Azithromycin-resistantOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Enhanced Prevalence and Incidence Criteria (STROBE EPIC): An Extension of the STROBE Statement.Annals of internal medicine · 2026Article
- Use of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Hemolysin E and Lipopolysaccharide IgA to Identify Enteric Fever Cases, South Asia.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- Seroincidence Rate of Typhoidal Salmonella in Children, Kenya, 2017-2018.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Atypical typhoid fever with pancytopenia, electrolyte imbalance, cholestatic hepatitis, and pleural effusion in an adolescent: a case report.International journal of surgery case reports · 2026Article
- Prolonged transaminitis in typhoid hepatitis: a rare case report with a diagnostic dilemma from Nepal.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- The Influence of Socioeconomic Factors on Open Defecation and Fecal Oral diseases in Soin ward, Kericho County, Kenya.Environmental health insights · 2025Article
- SHASI-ML: a machine learning-based approach for immunogenicity prediction inFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Seroprevalence of Typhoid Fever and Its Associated Risk Factors Among Clinically Diagnosed Febrile Patients Visiting the Outpatient Department at Debark Hospital and Drug Susceptibility Patterns of Isolates.BioMed research international · 2025Article
- Typhoid & paratyphoid vaccine development in the laboratory: a review & in-country experience.The Indian journal of medical research · 2024Review
- Epidemiology of Multidrug-ResistantJournal of tropical medicine · 2024Article
- Fecal Shedding, Antimicrobial Resistance andInternational journal of clinical microbiology · 2024Article
- Typhoid fever.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2023Review
- Cost-effectiveness analysis of typhoid vaccination in Lao PDR.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Nifuratel reducesMicrobiology spectrum · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundContemporary incidence estimates of typhoid fever are needed to guide policy decisions and control measures and to improve future epidemiological studies.
methodsWe systematically reviewed 3 databases (Ovid Medline, PubMed, and Scopus) without restriction on age, country, language, or time for studies reporting the incidence of blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever. Outbreak, travel-associated, and passive government surveillance reports were excluded. We performed a meta-analysis using a random-effects model to calculate estimates of pooled incidence, stratifying by studies that reported the incidence of typhoid fever and those that estimated incidence by using multipliers.
resultsThirty-three studies were included in the analysis. There were 26 study sites from 16 countries reporting typhoid cases from population-based incidence studies, and 17 sites in 9 countries used multipliers to account for underascertainment in sentinel surveillance data. We identified Africa and Asia as regions with studies showing high typhoid incidence while noting considerable variation of typhoid incidence in time and place, including in consecutive years at the same location. Overall, more recent studies reported lower typhoid incidence compared to years prior to 2000. We identified variation in the criteria for collecting a blood culture, and among multiplier studies we identified a lack of a standardization for the types of multipliers being used to estimate incidence.
conclusionsTyphoid fever incidence remains high at many sites. Additional and more accurate typhoid incidence studies are needed to support country decisions about typhoid conjugate vaccine adoption. Standardization of multiplier types applied in multiplier studies is recommended.
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