ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2019
Epidemiology of Typhoid and Paratyphoid: Implications for Vaccine Policy.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and immunogenicity of Vi-diphtheria toxoid typhoid conjugate vaccine among children below 2 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Pooled it
- Prevalence, probability, and outcomes of typhoidal/non-typhoidal Salmonella and malaria co-infection among febrile patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2021Pooled it
- A novel Vi-diphtheria toxoid typhoid conjugate vaccine is safe and can induce immunogenicity in healthy Indonesian children 2-11 years: a phase II preliminary report.BMC pediatrics · 2020Trial
- A phase 1 randomized safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity study of Typhax: A novel protein capsular matrix vaccine candidate for the prevention of typhoid fever.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Trial
- Environmental surveillance of pathogens in Africa.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Review
- A cost-benefit analysis of using wastewater monitoring to guide typhoid vaccine campaigns.Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines · 2025Article
- Trends in antimicrobial resistance amongst Salmonella Typhi in Bangladesh: A 24-year retrospective observational study (1999-2022).PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Observational
- Article
- Trends in antimicrobial resistance amongst Salmonella Paratyphi A isolates in Bangladesh: 1999-2021.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Paratype: a genotyping tool for Salmonella Paratyphi A reveals its global genomic diversity.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Quantifying antibiotic use in typhoid fever in India: a cross-sectional analysis of private sector medical audit data, 2013-2015.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Understanding the Mechanism of Antimicrobial Resistance and Pathogenesis ofMicroorganisms · 2022Review
- Incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan: results of the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project.The Lancet. Global health · 2022Article
- MIS-C frenzy: The importance of considering a broad differential diagnosis.SAGE open medical case reports · 2022Article
- Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine: An Urgent Tool to Combat Typhoid and Tackle Antimicrobial Resistance.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Burden of enteric fever at three urban sites in Africa and Asia: a multicentre population-based study.The Lancet. Global health · 2021Article
- Invasive Bacterial Vaccine-Preventable Disease Surveillance: Successes and Lessons Learned in Bangladesh for a Sustainable Path Forward.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Illness Severity and Outcomes Among Enteric Fever Cases From Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan: Data From the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project, 2016-2019.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
- Hospitalization of Pediatric Enteric Fever Cases, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2017-2019: Incidence and Risk Factors.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
- Typhoid and Paratyphoid Cost of Illness in Bangladesh: Patient and Health Facility Costs From the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project II.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTyphoid and paratyphoid remain the most common bloodstream infections in many resource-poor settings. The World Health Organization recommends typhoid conjugate vaccines for country-specific introduction, but questions regarding typhoid and paratyphoid epidemiology persist, especially regarding their severity in young children.
methodsWe conducted enteric fever surveillance in Bangladesh from 2004 through 2016 in the inpatient departments of 2 pediatric hospitals and the outpatient departments of 1 pediatric hospital and 1 private consultation clinic. Blood cultures were conducted at the discretion of the treating physicians; cases of culture-confirmed typhoid/paratyphoid were included. Hospitalizations and durations of hospitalizations were used as proxies for severity in children <12 years old.
resultsWe identified 7072 typhoid and 1810 paratyphoid culture-confirmed cases. There was no increasing trend in the proportion of paratyphoid over the 13 years. The median age in the typhoid cases was 60 months, and 15% of the cases occurred in children <24 months old. The median age of the paratyphoid cases was significantly higher, at 90 months (P < .001); 9.4% were in children <24 months old. The proportion of children (<12 years old) hospitalized with typhoid and paratyphoid (32% and 21%, respectively) decreased with age; there was no significant difference in durations of hospitalizations between age groups. However, children with typhoid were hospitalized for longer than those with paratyphoid.
conclusionsTyphoid and paratyphoid fever are common in Dhaka, including among children under 2 years old, who have equivalent disease severity as older children. Early immunization with typhoid conjugate vaccines could avert substantial morbidity, but broader efforts are required to reduce the paratyphoid burden.
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