Trial reportJournal of consulting and clinical psychology2019
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of repeated implementation intention formation on adolescent smoking initiation: A cluster randomized controlled trial.
Trial report in Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The effectiveness of implementation intentions in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953) · 2026Pooled it
- Characteristics and practices of school-based cluster randomised controlled trials for improving health outcomes in pupils in the United Kingdom: a methodological systematic review.BMC medical research methodology · 2021Pooled it
- Cognitive-Affective Inconsistency and Ambivalence: Impact on the Overall Attitude-Behavior Relationship.Personality & social psychology bulletin · 2021Pooled it
- Theory-based Trial to Promote Uptake and Sustained Use of Face Coverings During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2023Trial
- Association between age at first reported e-cigarette use and subsequent regular e-cigarette, ever cigarette and regular cigarette use.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2021Trial
- The role of neuropsychological mechanisms in implementation intentions to reduce alcohol consumption among heavy drinkers: a randomized trial.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2020Trial
- Development of a school program for vaping and smoking prevention and protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial in fifth grade students.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Adapting and Implementing a School-Based "Implementation Intentions" Program Within FRESHAIR4Life to Prevent Smoking Initiation Among Adolescents in Greece: A Study Protocol.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Public health interventions aimed at children aged 5-19 years funded by local authorities in England: a scoping review of economic analyses.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Behavioral Precursors of Nicotine Product Use Trajectories Among Youth.American journal of preventive medicine · 2024Article
- The cost-effectiveness of school-based interventions for chronic diseases: a systematic review.Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E · 2024Review
- Children Learning About Second-hand Smoke (CLASS II): a mixed methods process evaluation of a school-based intervention.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2021Article
- Evidence that an intervention weakens the relationship between adolescent electronic cigarette use and tobacco smoking: a 24-month prospective study.Tobacco control · 2020Article
- Patterns and predictors of e-cigarette, cigarette and dual use uptake in UK adolescents: evidence from a 24-month prospective study.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveForming implementation intentions (if-then plans) about how to refuse cigarette offers plus antismoking messages was tested for reducing adolescent smoking.
methodCluster randomized controlled trial with schools randomized (1:1) to receive implementation intention intervention and messages targeting not smoking (intervention) or completing homework (control). Adolescents (11-12 years at baseline) formed implementation intentions and read messages on 8 occasions over 4 years meaning masking treatment allocation was not possible. Outcomes were: follow-up (48 months) ever smoking, any smoking in last 30 days, regular smoking, and breath carbon monoxide levels. Analyses excluded baseline ever smokers, controlled for clustering by schools and examined effects of controlling for demographic variables. Economic evaluation (incremental cost effectiveness ratio; ICER) was conducted. Trial is registered (ISRCTN27596806).
resultsSchools were randomly allocated (September-October 2012) to intervention (
conclusionsThis pragmatic trial supports the use of repeated implementation intentions about how to refuse the offer of a cigarette plus antismoking messages as an effective and cost-effective intervention to reduce smoking initiation in adolescents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.