ArticleNature medicine2019
A clinically meaningful metric of immune age derived from high-dimensional longitudinal monitoring.
Article in Nature medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 307 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
307 citing papers in PubMed, 515 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of the mitophagy inducer urolithin A on age-related immune decline: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.Nature aging · 2025Trial
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- Activation of telomerase by TA-65 enhances immunity and reduces inflammation post myocardial infarction.GeroScience · 2023Trial
- Molecular Phenotypes of Sex- and Age-Specific Differences Relating to Outcome in Patients With Ebola Virus Disease.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Acute viral respiratory infections are not associated with an increased IMMune Age indeX (IMMAX) four weeks after infection: a prospective observational cohort study.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2026Article
- The immunology behind inflammaging-causes, sources, and mechanisms.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2026Review
- The Thymic Microenvironment Shapes Age-Related Qualitative Changes in the TCR Repertoire.Aging cell · 2026Article
- The long-lived immune system of centenarians.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- dioscRi enables transferable prediction of clinical outcomes in multi-parameter cytometry data.Nature communications · 2026Article
- How age and sex interaction is associated with immune aging with implications for vaccines and age-related autoimmunity.npj aging · 2026Review
- Microbiome and aging: Trajectories of microbiome age across human ecosystems and their systemic effects.iMeta · 2026Review
- Human vaccine responses regulated by parallel cytokine pathways.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- IDEAL-Age: an interpretable deep learning framework for single-cell resolution profiling of immunological aging.Genome biology · 2026Article
- Immune aging biomarkers for clinical trials.Nature medicine · 2026Review
- The ageing immune system as a driver of systemic ageing.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Biological aging clocks in health and disease.Nature medicine · 2026Review
- Immunosenescence in systemic and multi-organ aging: mechanisms, inter-organ crosstalk, and translational opportunities.npj aging · 2026Review
- Strain-specific genetic relationships between Mycoplasma synoviae immunity and egg production traits in two layer lines.Poultry science · 2026Article
- An integrative approach for studying immunological variation in an aging population - The Milieu Intérieur follow-up study.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Immune Aging is an Independent Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
247 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Immune responses generally decline with age. However, the dynamics of this process at the individual level have not been characterized, hindering quantification of an individual's immune age. Here, we use multiple 'omics' technologies to capture population- and individual-level changes in the human immune system of 135 healthy adult individuals of different ages sampled longitudinally over a nine-year period. We observed high inter-individual variability in the rates of change of cellular frequencies that was dictated by their baseline values, allowing identification of steady-state levels toward which a cell subset converged and the ordered convergence of multiple cell subsets toward an older adult homeostasis. These data form a high-dimensional trajectory of immune aging (IMM-AGE) that describes a person's immune status better than chronological age. We show that the IMM-AGE score predicted all-cause mortality beyond well-established risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study, establishing its potential use in clinics for identification of patients at risk.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.