ArticleMovement disorders clinical practice
Paroxysmal Dyskinesia in Norwich Terrier Dogs.
Article in Movement disorders clinical practice. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Phenotypic features of paroxysmal dyskinesia in Dachshund dogs: 62 cases (2017-2025).Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2026Article
- Canine paroxysmal dyskinesia: distribution of etiological subtypes and structural and reactive causes in a retrospective tertiary care cohort.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Grain-Free Diets for Dogs and Cats: An Updated Review Focusing on Nutritional Effects and Health Considerations.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Review
- Myotonia Congenita in Australian Merino Sheep with a Missense Variant inAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Suspected paroxysmal dyskinesia in four small-breed dogs: Clinical presentation, diagnosis, management and prognosis.Veterinary medicine and science · 2024Article
- Canine paroxysmal dyskinesia-a review.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Review
- Emotional Arousal Impacts Physical Health in Dogs: A Review of Factors Influencing Arousal, with Exemplary Case and Framework.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Review
- Long-term nutritional management of an obese German Spitz with paroxysmal dyskinesia, calcium oxalate urolithiasis, and suspected pancreatitis-A case report.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Clinical characterization of epileptic seizures in Pomeranians with idiopathic epilepsy or epilepsy of unknown cause.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2022Article
- Phenotypic characterisation of paroxysmal dyskinesia in Sphynx cats.Journal of feline medicine and surgery · 2022Article
- International veterinary canine dyskinesia task force ECVN consensus statement: Terminology and classification.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2021Article
- Phenotypic characterization of paroxysmal dyskinesia in Maltese dogs.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEpisodic muscular hypertonicity in Norwich terrier dogs was first reported in a brief communication in 1984. Since then, the condition has remained poorly characterized.
objectivesThe aims of this study were to characterize the phenomenology, clinical course, and family history of paroxysmal dyskinesia in the Norwich terrier and to estimate its prevalence in the United Kingdom.
methodsThe owners of Norwich terrier dogs born since January 1, 2000 were invited to complete a specifically designed questionnaire aimed at identifying affected and unaffected dogs and investigating the clinical characteristics of this paroxysmal dyskinesia. Pedigrees were collected and reviewed.
resultsThe questionnaire was returned for 198 Norwich terrier dogs. Of these, 26 (13%) were classified as affected by paroxysmal dyskinesia after revision of the questionnaires and after obtaining videos of the episodes, veterinary medical records, and telephone interviews with the owners. All dogs were neurologically normal between episodes. No significant abnormalities were detected on diagnostic investigations. Mean age at the first episode was 3 years. The episodes were characterized by sustained muscular hypertonicity in the pelvic limbs, lumbar region, and thoracic limbs, impairing posture and locomotion without loss of consciousness. Episode frequency varied both between and within individuals. Stress, anxiety, excitement, and variation in daily routine were recognized as episode triggers in 13 dogs. Episode duration generally was from 2 to 5 minutes (range, from < 2 to 30 minutes). The majority of affected dogs were related.
conclusionsParoxysmal dyskinesia segregates in an extended pedigree of Norwich terrier dogs and thus is potentially an inherited disorder in this breed.
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