ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2019
The human antibody response to influenza A virus infection and vaccination.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 522 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
522 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 807 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Pooled it
- A group 1 hemagglutinin stem vaccine elicits broad humoral responses against influenza in phase 1/2a study.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Pentameric M2e influenza vaccine candidate generates strong immunity with limited survival benefit.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- A bispecific antibody targeting conserved hemagglutinin epitopes confers broad protection against H7 avian influenza and accelerates viral clearance via localized respiratory delivery.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Polyclonal breast milk-derived secretory IgA confers broad antiviral protection against multiple respiratory viruses.Science advances · 2026Article
- Anti-idiotypic antibodies as molecular mimics of conserved influenza hemagglutinin epitopes.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2026Article
- Roles of the M2 protein of influenza A virus.Virus genes · 2026Review
- Near real-time data on the human neutralizing antibody landscape to influenza virus in summer of 2026 shows antigenic advance of H3N2 subclade K region D mutants and H1N1 D.3.1.1 Sa mutants.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Comprehensive Analytical Characterization of mRNA Influenza Vaccine Under Stress Conditions: Implications for Stability and Quality Control.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Article
- Some Exposure for Influenza Hemagglutinin Interface Antibodies.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Influenza A and other respiratory viruses show distinct associations with acute respiratory presentations and temporal correlation with hospital admissions.Journal of medical microbiology · 2026Article
- Population Immunity to Influenza Neuraminidase: From Immune Imprinting to Pandemic Preparedness.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Serum IgA proteomics reveals clonal composition and neutralization of dimeric and monomeric IgA repertoires against human norovirus.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Systemic antibody responses against bacterial and viral antigens associate with fatigue in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.iScience · 2026Article
- From sites to structure to serology: a roadmap for structure-aware molecular evolution of antigenically evolving viruses.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- RELMα establishes a permissive environment for influenza virus infection through direct effects on lung epithelial cells.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Single-component self-assembling protein nanoparticles displaying stabilized prefusion-closed hemagglutinin trimers for influenza vaccine development.Nature communications · 2026Article
- An In Vitro Screen Identifies H1 Influenza Hemagglutinin Substitutions That Alter mRNA-LNP Vaccine Responses Against the Stalk Domain.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Influenza.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
462 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The adaptive immune response to influenza virus infection is multifaceted and complex, involving antibody and cellular responses at both systemic and mucosal levels. Immune responses to natural infection with influenza virus in humans are relatively broad and long-lived, but influenza viruses can escape from these responses over time owing to their high mutation rates and antigenic flexibility. Vaccines are the best available countermeasure against infection, but vaccine effectiveness is low compared with other viral vaccines, and the induced immune response is narrow and short-lived. Furthermore, inactivated influenza virus vaccines focus on the induction of systemic IgG responses but do not effectively induce mucosal IgA responses. Here, I review the differences between natural infection and vaccination in terms of the antibody responses they induce and how these responses protect against future infection. A better understanding of how natural infection induces broad and long-lived immune responses will be key to developing next-generation influenza virus vaccines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.