ArticleBurns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries2019
One-hit wonder: Late after burn injury, granulocytes can clear one bacterial infection but cannot control a subsequent infection.
Article in Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Determination of Burn Size in Mouse Models of Burn Injury: A Scoping Review of Studies Leveraging Scald and Contact Burns.Journal of burn care & research : official publication of the American Burn Association · 2025Pooled it
- Chromatin Remodeling and Transcriptional Silencing Define the Dynamic Innate Immune Response of Tissue Resident Macrophages After Burn Injury.Shock (Augusta, Ga.) · 2026Article
- Temporal changes in the protein cargo of extracellular vesicles and resultant immune reprogramming after severe burn injury in humans and mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Multiplexed Human Gene Expression Analysis Reveals a Central Role of the TLR/mTOR/PPARγ and NFkB Axes in Burn and Inhalation Injury-Induced Changes in Systemic Immunometabolism and Long-Term Patient Outcomes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Characterization of the Basal and mTOR-Dependent Acute Pulmonary and Systemic Immune Response in a Murine Model of Combined Burn and Inhalation Injury.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Innate Immune System Response to Burn Damage-Focus on Cytokine Alteration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Plasma extracellular vesicles released after severe burn injury modulate macrophage phenotype and function.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2022Article
- Burn Injury Induces Proinflammatory Plasma Extracellular Vesicles That Associate with Length of Hospital Stay in Women: CRP and SAA1 as Potential Prognostic Indicators.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- The Bactericidal Tandem Drug, AB569: How to Eradicate Antibiotic-Resistant BiofilmFrontiers in microbiology · 2021Review
- The Metabolic Basis of Immune Dysfunction Following Sepsis and Trauma.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Understanding acute burn injury as a chronic disease.Burns & trauma · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveBurn injury induces an acute hyperactive immune response followed by a chronic immune dysregulation that leaves those afflicted susceptible to multiple secondary infections. Many murine models are able to recapitulate the acute immune response to burn injury, yet few models are able to recapitulate long-term immune suppression and thus chronic susceptibility to bacterial infections seen in burn patients. This has hindered the field, making evaluation of the mechanisms responsible for these susceptibilities difficult to study. Herein we describe a novel mouse model of burn injury that promotes chronic immune suppression allowing for susceptibility to primary and secondary infections and thus allows for the evaluation of associated mechanisms.
methodsC57Bl/6 mice receiving a full-thickness contact burn were infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa 14 days (primary infection) and/or 17 days (secondary infection) after burn or sham injury. The survival, pulmonary and systemic bacterial load as well as frequency and function of innate immune cells (neutrophils and macrophages) were evaluated.
resultsFollowing secondary infection, burn mice were less effective in clearance of bacteria compared to sham injured or burn mice following a primary infection. Following secondary infection both neutrophils and macrophages recruited to the airways exhibited reduced production of anti-bacterial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and the pro-inflammatory cytokineIL-12 while macrophages demonstrated increased expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 compared to those from sham burned mice and/or burn mice receiving a primary infection. In addition the BALF from these mice contained significantly higher level so of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 compared to those from sham burned mice and/or burn mice receiving a primary infection.
conclusionsBurn-mediated protection from infection is transient, with a secondary infection inducing immune protection to collapse. Repeated infection leads to increased neutrophil and macrophage numbers in the lungs late after burn injury, with diminished innate immune cell function and an increased anti-inflammatory cytokine environment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.