ArticlePsychiatry research2019
Do different factors influence whether girls versus boys meet ADHD diagnostic criteria? Sex differences among children with high ADHD symptoms.
Article in Psychiatry research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- ADHD and Sex Hormones in Females: A Systematic Review.Journal of attention disorders · 2025Pooled it
- Sex differences in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a literature review.Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Sociodemographic reporting and sample composition over 3 decades of psychopathology research: A systematic review and quantitative synthesis.Journal of psychopathology and clinical science · 2024Pooled it
- Secondary analyses of sex differences in attention improvements across three clinical trials of a digital therapeutic in children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD.BMC public health · 2024Trial
- Do ADHD symptoms in adolescence predict psychiatric disorders later in life? A longitudinal study of the Northern Finland birth cohort 1986.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Academic achievement and socio-demographic differences in ADHD diagnosis: a population-based study of Swedish compulsory school pupils.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2026Article
- Sex Bias in the Clinical Diagnosis of ADHD: A Critical Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Therapeutic Writing in a Group Setting for Girls with ADHD: A Case Series on Self-Perception, Self-Esteem, and Socio-Emotional Functioning.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Boys Score Higher Everywhere? Gender Differences in Parent-Reported ADHD Symptoms Across Age Groups and Four Countries.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adults in England, 2000-2025: Recorded Prevalence and Diagnostic Trends in a Population-Based Observational Study Using Routinely Collected Primary Care Data.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Cohort, gender and spatial patterns of delayed school enrolment in third-grade children from 2009 to 2025.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A Comprehensive Examination of Sex-Differentiated Correlates of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2026Article
- Developmental origins of ADHD: sex-specific influences of early life unpredictability on symptom profiles.Journal of developmental origins of health and disease · 2026Article
- Relating ADHD to the aperiodic component of the EEG signal in both males and females across development.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- Exploring Diagnostic Classification Prevalence in German and Dutch Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: An International Cross-Sectional Comparative Study.Transcultural psychiatry · 2026Article
- The shared and disorder-specific resting-state functional connectivity networks associated with emotion regulation between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder.Brain imaging and behavior · 2026Article
- Sex-Based Differences in Clinical and Social Outcomes in Qatari Youth with ADHD.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- Clinical overlap between at-risk mental states and attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms in community adolescents: investigating the influence of sex.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- The Effect of ADHD Stimulant Treatment on Weight Categories in Children and Adolescents.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and other neurodevelopmental traits are associated with impact on functioning among children in the general population.JCPP advances · 2025Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
We investigate if different factors influence whether girls versus boys meet diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) among children with high ADHD symptoms. Participants were 283 children aged 7-12 from a population-based study. Girls and boys meeting diagnostic criteria for ADHD, based on an objective investigator-based interview, were compared to children who did not meet criteria despite high symptoms on a rating-scale measure of ADHD. We assessed factors that could differentially relate to diagnosis across girls and boys including ADHD symptoms, co-occurring behavioural/emotional problems and impairment, and sex-effects in rater perceptions of ADHD symptoms. While overall similar factors distinguished girls and boys who met diagnostic criteria from high-symptom peers, effect sizes were larger in girls. Emotional problems were particularly salient to distinguishing diagnosed versus high-symptom girls but not boys. Parents rated boys meeting diagnostic criteria as more impaired than high-symptom boys but did not do so for girls, and under-rated diagnosed girls' hyperactive/impulsive symptoms compared to more objective interview assessment, with the opposite observed in boys. Results suggest girls' ADHD may need to be made more prominent by additional behavioural/emotional problems for them to meet full diagnostic criteria and that sex differences in parental perceptions of ADHD behaviours and impairment exist.
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