ReviewLaryngoscope investigative otolaryngology2019
Emerging options in immune-mediated hearing loss.
Review in Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Audiovestibular outcomes in adult patients with cogan syndrome: a systematic review.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Pooled it
- Secondary autoimmune immune ear disease (AIED): a systematic review and meta-analysis on vestibular manifestations of systemic autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.Clinical rheumatology · 2023Pooled it
- Cochlear Implantation in Autoimmune Inner-Ear Disease: Outcome and Patient-Reported Benefit.The Laryngoscope · 2026Article
- Infliximab in Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease: A Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2025Article
- Cogan's Syndrome: Complex Diagnostics, Treatment, and Results of Hearing Rehabilitation in Long-Term Follow-Up-Case Series.Case reports in immunology · 2025Article
- Investigating the Process of Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease: Unveiling the Intricacies of Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies.International journal of medical sciences · 2025Review
- A Retrospective Study of Clinical Profile of Patients with Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease.Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : official publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India · 2024Article
- Paediatric Cogan´s syndrome - review of literature, case report and practical approach to diagnosis and management.Pediatric rheumatology online journal · 2023Review
- Immunohistochemical localization of glucocorticoid receptors in the human cochlea.Brain research · 2023Article
- Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Sjögren's Syndrome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Association of sleep duration and noise exposure with hearing loss among Chinese and American adults: two cross-sectional studies.BMJ open · 2022Article
- [Syncope, pain in the large joints, and painful swelling of the right eye in a 51-year-old patient : Pitfalls in the diagnosis and treatment of a rare disease].Der Internist · 2020Article
- Autoimmune inner ear disease: A systematic review of management.Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology · 2020Review
- Cogan's Syndrome: Clinical Presentations and Update on Treatment.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2020Review
- Demystifying autoimmune inner ear disease.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2019Review
- Atypical Cogan's Syndrome Presenting as Anterior Scleritis: Case Report.Case reports in ophthalmologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveAIED (autoimmune inner ear disease) is an autoimmune process that leads to the dysfunction of the inner ear, resulting in fluctuating, audiovestibular symptoms. Although the pathogenesis is likely heterogeneous, immune processes within the inner ear ultimately lead to histopathologic changes and sensorineural hearing loss. This review will discuss the latest evidence on treatment options.
methodsA literature search on articles pertaining to the treatment of autoimmune inner ear disease was performed on PubMed.
resultsCorticosteroid treatment continues to remain as first line therapy for AIED but long-term responsiveness is poor. Cytotoxic chemotherapies can be effective alternatives for steroid nonresponsive patients, but significant side effects may limit their use. Intratympanic steroid injections are beneficial and although there is not enough evidence currently to supplant oral steroid trial they may be a useful adjunct if steroid toxicity is an issue. The efficacy of biologic agents has been variable. Compared to placebo, etanercept does not improve the hearing improvement already attained by steroids alone. However, open pilot studies of other biologic agents show hearing improvements, improvements in tinnitus/aural fullness/vertigo, ability to wean steroid dependency, or benefits in steroid-resistant AIED.
conclusionThere is currently not enough evidence that alternative treatments supersede the use of initial steroid treatment. Biologic agents and intratympanic steroid injections are relatively well tolerated and should be considered as adjunctive therapy. More studies on the efficacy of various biologics and more studies on the treatment of steroid resistant disease especially after initial benefit are still needed. For those who eventually lose their hearing, cochlear implantation remains as a viable option. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: expert opinion.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.