ArticleFrontiers in physiology2019
Skillful Swimming in Age-Groups Is Determined by Anthropometrics, Biomechanics and Energetics.
Article in Frontiers in physiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Numerical and experimental methods used to evaluate active drag in swimming: A systematic narrative review.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Pooled it
- Young Swimmers' Anthropometrics, Biomechanics, Energetics, and Efficiency as Underlying Performance Factors: A Systematic Narrative Review.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Pooled it
- Upper Limbs Movement Frequency: Connection to Swimming Performance and Kinematics.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Article
- Exploring associations between energetic and anthropometric characteristics with front crawl technique in young male swimmers using IMU sensors: a preliminary study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Determinants of 50 m Front Crawl Performance in Adolescent Non-Elite Female Swimmers: A Longitudinal Study.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2025Article
- Determinants of pre-adolescent girls' sport performance in three-year swimming training.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
- Association between the Upper Quarter Dynamic Balance, Anthropometrics, Kinematics, and Swimming Speed.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2023Article
- Identifying Differences in Swimming Speed Fluctuation in Age-Group Swimmers by Statistical Parametric Mapping: A Biomechanical Assessment for Performance Development.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2023Article
- Performance Tiers within a Competitive Age Group of Young Swimmers Are Characterized by Different Kinetic and Kinematic Behaviors.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Tracking performance and its underlying characteristics in talented swimmers: a longitudinal study during the junior-to-senior transition.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- Using Statistical Parametric Mapping to Compare the Propulsion of Age-Group Swimmers in Front Crawl Acquired with the Aquanex System.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The Effect of Three-Year Swim Training on Cardio-Respiratory Fitness and Selected Somatic Features of Prepubertal Boys.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Understanding the Role of Propulsion in the Prediction of Front-Crawl Swimming Velocity and in the Relationship Between Stroke Frequency and Stroke Length.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Article
- Applicability of Maximal Ergometer Testing and Sprint Performance in Adolescent Endurance and Sprint Trained Swimmers.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Monitoring Master Swimmers' Performance and Active Drag Evolution along a Training Mesocycle.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Specific and Holistic Predictors of Sprint Front Crawl Swimming Performance.Journal of human kinetics · 2021Article
- Young Swimmers' Middle-Distance Performance Variation within a Training Season.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- The Influence of the Coaches' Demographics on Young Swimmers' Performance and Technical Determinants.Frontiers in psychology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The aim was to compare the anthropometrics, biomechanics and energetics in young swimmers of different competitive levels. Seventy-five boys aged between 11 and 13 years-old with a broad range of performances were ranked based on their personal best time in the men's 100m freestyle event and then split-up into three tiers (Tier-1, i.e., top-tier, best performers; Tier-2, mid-tier; Tier-3, lower-tier). A set of anthropometric features was measured (height, body mass, arm span and trunk transverse surface area). Stroke kinematics (speed, stroke length, stroke frequency) was assessed by a Speedo-meter. Swim efficiency was then estimated (stroke index, speed fluctuation, Froude efficiency). Hydrodynamics assessment encompassed the estimation of active drag and drag coefficient by velocity perturbation method and a set of dimensionless numbers (Froude, hull speed, Reynolds). Mechanical power (to overcome drag, transfer of kinetic energy to water, external power) and power input were derived. There was a significant variation with moderate effect sizes in all anthropometric features but the trunk transverse surface area. Tier-1 swimmers were taller, heavier and with longer limbs than remaining counterparts. There were also significant variations in the stroke kinematics with moderate-large effect sizes. Tier-1 swimmers showed higher stroke frequency, stroke length, speed, stroke index and propelling efficiency but lower speed fluctuations. Reynold number, Froude number and hull speed were significantly higher in Tier-1 swimmers, denoting large effect sizes. The mechanical power and power input delivered were significantly higher in tier-1 swimmers, showing moderate effect sizes. As a conclusion, it was noted significant variations, with moderate-large effect sizes, among the three tiers, for the vast majority of the selected variables. The better performances by tier-1 swimmers were related to their anthropometrics, biomechanics and energetics.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.