ReviewScandinavian journal of immunology2019
The history of the two-signal model of lymphocyte activation: A personal perspective.
Review in Scandinavian journal of immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Integrating T cell signaling and metabolism to enhance T cell engager responses in solid tumors.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Reframing adjuvant immunotherapy in melanoma: all of it starts with priming.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Review
- The Invisible Lens: Why Theoretical Models Are Essential for Interpreting Immune Phenomena.Scandinavian journal of immunology · 2025Review
- The quantum model of T-cell activation: Revisiting immune response theories.Scandinavian journal of immunology · 2024Article
- The Adaptation Model of Immunity: Signal IV Matters Most in Determining the Functional Outcomes of Immune Responses.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2023Article
- Defending and integrating an organism by the immune system.Scandinavian journal of immunology · 2022Review
- PLGA Nanospheres as Delivery Platforms forFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Nano vaccines forFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Actin depolymerizing factor-based nanomaterials: A novel strategy to enhanceFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Potential Biomarkers for the Efficacy of PD-1-PD-L Blockade in Cancer.OncoTargets and therapy · 2021Review
- Long-term impacts of tonsillectomy on children's immune functions.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2020Article
- Living in a Hostile World: Inflammation, New Drug Development, and Coronavirus.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Immune Alterations Following Neurological Disorders: A Comparison of Stroke and Seizures.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Article
- The history of the two-signal model of lymphocyte activation: A personal perspective.Scandinavian journal of immunology · 2019Review
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
The first ideas leading to The Two-Signal Model of lymphocyte activation were published 50 years ago, but the model was not realized in one sitting. I describe the three phases that led to its contemporary formulations. A motivation underlying all these models was to generate a minimal description of what is required for antigen to inactivate and activate mature lymphocytes that, at the same time, accounts for how peripheral tolerance is achieved. I suggest the two signal model has not only provided a substantiated framework for understanding how antigen interacts differently with B cells and CD8 T cells, to result in their inactivation and activation, but its postulates are pertinent to contemporary issues concerning the inactivation and activation of CD4 T cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.