ArticleOphthalmology2019
Prevalence, Characteristics, and Risk Factors of Moderate or High Hyperopia among Multiethnic Children 6 to 72 Months of Age: A Pooled Analysis of Individual Participant Data.
Article in Ophthalmology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Study of strabismus in young Singaporean males.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Adductomics of Newborn Dried Blood Spots Detects Constituents of Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Associated Oxidative Stress Exposure.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Changing Natural History of Anisometropia: A Scoping Review.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Whole-exome sequencing for the genetic diagnosis of early-onset high myopia and associated hereditary eye disorders.BMC medical genomics · 2026Article
- Impact of uncorrected hyperopia on visual function and academic performance in preschool and school-age children.Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry · 2026Review
- Attention to text and pictures during storybook reading in preschool children with moderate hyperopia.Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry · 2026Article
- Article
- Elevated Ocular and Visual Disorder Risk in Developmental Disabilities: Insights from Cross-Sectional Study and Mendelian Randomization Analysis.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Article
- Ocular Biometric Components in Hyperopic Children and a Machine Learning-Based Model to Predict Axial Length.Translational vision science & technology · 2024Article
- How Do Most Young Moderate Hyperopes Avoid Strabismus?Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Evaluation of Hypertensive Disorder of Pregnancy and High Refractive Error in Offspring During Childhood and Adolescence.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Genetic analysis assists diagnosis of clinical systemic disease in children with excessive hyperopia.BMC pediatrics · 2022Article
- Myopia Genetics and Heredity.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Vision Screening, Vision Disorders, and Impacts of Hyperopia in Young Children: Outcomes of the Vision in Preschoolers (VIP) and Vision in Preschoolers - Hyperopia in Preschoolers (VIP-HIP) Studies.Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2022Review
- Retinal and Choroidal Changes in Children with Moderate-to-High Hyperopia.Journal of ophthalmology · 2021Article
- Association of Parental Myopia With Higher Risk of Myopia Among Multiethnic Children Before School Age.JAMA ophthalmology · 2020Article
- Ocular Refraction at Birth and Its Development During the First Year of Life in a Large Cohort of Babies in a Single Center in Northern Italy.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 10 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo describe the prevalence, ocular characteristics, and associated risk factors of moderate to high hyperopia in early childhood.
designPooled analysis of individual participant data from population-based studies.
participantsSix- to 72-month-old multiethnic children who participated in 4 population-based studies of pediatric eye diseases.
methodsThe pooled studies conducted comparable parental interviews and ocular examinations including cycloplegic autorefraction. Presence of hyperopia was defined based on cycloplegic refractive error in the worse eye. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the association of potential risk factors with hyperopia risk.
main outcome measuresPrevalence and odds ratios of moderate to high hyperopia (≥4.0 diopters [D]).
resultsCycloplegic refraction was completed in 15 051 children 6 to 72 months of age. Among these children, the overall prevalence of moderate to high hyperopia (≥4.0 D) in the worse eye was 3.2% (95% confidence interval, 2.9%-3.5%), accounting for 15.6% of all hyperopia (≥2.0 D). Among children with moderate to high hyperopia, both eyes were affected in 64.4%, 28.9% showed spherical anisometropia of 1.0 D or more, and 19.5% showed astigmatism of 1.5 D or more. Among 36- to 72-month-old children with moderate to high hyperopia, 17.6% wore glasses. Prevalence of moderate to high hyperopia was slightly less in 12- to 23-month-old children and was relatively stable in children 24 months of age and older. Non-Hispanic and Hispanic white race and ethnicity, family history of strabismus, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and being a participant in the United States studies were associated with a higher risk of moderate to high hyperopia (P < 0.05).
conclusionsBy assembling similarly designed studies, our consortium provided robust estimates of the prevalence of moderate to high hyperopia in the general population and showed that in 6- to 72-month-old children, moderate to high hyperopia is not uncommon and its prevalence does not decrease with age. Risk factors for moderate to high hyperopia differ from those for low to moderate hyperopia (2.0-<4.0 D) in preschool children, with family history of strabismus and maternal smoking during pregnancy more strongly associated with moderate to high hyperopia than low to moderate hyperopia.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.