ArticleScientific reports2019
Toads phenotypically adjust their chemical defences to anthropogenic habitat change.
Article in Scientific reports, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic Inertia in Urban Populations of the Common Toad (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Changes in the chemical defenses of an invasive toad indicate drivers and limitations of adaptation.iScience · 2026Article
- Spatial organization of cutaneous microbiomes reveals putative microbial contributions to host chemical defenses in the American toad.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Antimalarial efficacy ofJournal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology · 2024Article
- Identifying toxic effects and metabolic perturbations ofToxicology research · 2024Article
- Sensational site: the sodium pump ouabain-binding site and its ligands.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2024Review
- 3D Morphological Scanning and Environmental Correlates ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Does the Glucocorticoid Stress Response Make Toads More Toxic? An Experimental Study on the Regulation of Bufadienolide Toxin Synthesis.Integrative organismal biology (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Lipidomics combined with transcriptomic and mass spectrometry imaging analysis of the Asiatic toad (Bufo gargarizans) during metamorphosis and bufadienolide accumulation.Chinese medicine · 2022Article
- A review of chemical defense in harlequin toads (Bufonidae:Toxicon: X · 2022Review
- Variation in size and shape of toxin glands among cane toads from native-range and invasive populations.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Differences in morphology and in composition and release of parotoid gland secretion in introduced cane toads (Ecology and evolution · 2021Article
- Relationships Between Chemical Defenses of Common Toad (Bufo bufo) Tadpoles and Bacterial Community Structure of their Natural Aquatic Habitat.Journal of chemical ecology · 2020Article
- Ocular Hypotonia and Transient Decrease of Vision as a Consequence of Exposure to a Common Toad Poison.Case reports in ophthalmological medicine · 2020Article
- The impact of multiple climatic and geographic factors on the chemical defences of Asian toads (Bufo gargarizans Cantor).Scientific reports · 2019Article
- The cost of chemical defence: the impact of toxin depletion on growth and behaviour of cane toads ( Rhinella marina).Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite the well-documented effects of human-induced environmental changes on the morphology, physiology, behaviour and life history of wild animals, next to nothing is known about how anthropogenic habitats influence anti-predatory chemical defence, a crucial fitness component of many species. We investigated the amount and composition of defensive toxins in adult common toads (Bufo bufo) captured in natural, agricultural and urban habitats, and in their offspring raised in a common-garden experiment. We found that, compared to toads captured from natural habitats, adults from both types of anthropogenic habitats had larger toxin glands (parotoids) and their toxin secretion contained higher concentrations of bufagenins, the more potent class of bufadienolide toxins. Furthermore, urban toads had lower concentrations of bufotoxins, the compounds with lower toxicity. None of these differences were present in the captive-raised juveniles; instead, toadlets originating from agricultural habitats had smaller parotoids and lower bufotoxin concentrations. These results suggest that toads' chemical defences respond to the challenges of anthropogenic environments via phenotypic plasticity. These responses may constitute non-adaptive consequences of pollution by endocrine-disrupting chemicals as well as adaptive adjustments to the altered predator assemblages of urban and agricultural habitats.
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