ArticleEuro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin2019
Analysis of exotic squirrel trade and detection of human infections with variegated squirrel bornavirus 1, Germany, 2005 to 2018.
Article in Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Absence of Bornavirus RNA in Wild Canids and Mustelids in Croatia.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Antagonistic activity against innate immunity determines virulence in mammalian bornaviruses.Npj viruses · 2025Article
- Magnetic resonance imaging of human variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) encephalitis reveals diagnostic pattern indistinguishable from Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) encephalitis but typical for bornaviruses.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Review
- Human Borna disease virus 1 encephalitis shows marked pro-inflammatory biomarker and tissue immunoactivation during the course of disease.Emerging microbes & infections · 2022Article
- Human Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) encephalitis cases in the north and east of Germany.Emerging microbes & infections · 2022Article
- Review
- Avian Bornavirus Research-A Comprehensive Review.Viruses · 2022Review
- Article
- Introduction and spread of variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) between exotic squirrels and spill-over infections to humans in Germany.Emerging microbes & infections · 2021Article
- Genomic and Micro-Evolutionary Features ofMicroorganisms · 2021Article
- Active Case Finding of Current Bornavirus Infections in Human Encephalitis Cases of Unknown Etiology, Germany, 2018-2020.Emerging infectious diseases · 2021Article
- First isolation,Emerging microbes & infections · 2020Article
- The neuropathology of fatal encephalomyelitis in human Borna virus infection.Acta neuropathologica · 2019Article
- Bornaviruses in naturally infectedInfection ecology & epidemiology · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Following the discovery in 2015 of the variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) in fatal encephalitis cases among exotic squirrel breeders and a zoo animal caretaker in Germany, a case definition was developed. It was employed during trace-back animal trade investigations and sero-epidemiological studies among breeders and zoo animal caretakers of holdings with VSBV-1 infected squirrels. During the investigation, two possible human cases who had died of encephalitis were identified retrospectively among the squirrel breeders. Moreover, one probable human case was detected among the breeders who had a positive memory T-cell response to VSBV-1 antigen and antibodies against VSBV-1. The low rate of seropositivity found among living persons in risk groups that handle exotic squirrels privately or at zoos may reflect rareness of exposure to VSBV-1 during animal contact, a high lethality of infection or a combination of these factors. As a precaution against human exposure, testing of exotic squirrels for VSBV-1 infection and/or avoiding direct contact with exotic squirrels in zoos and private holdings is strongly advised.
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