Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30807660›Full record

ArticleAlcoholism, clinical and experimental research2019

Gender Differences in Use of Alcohol Treatment Services and Reasons for Nonuse in a National Sample.

Paul A Gilbert, George Pro, Sarah E Zemore, Nina Mulia, Grant Brown

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
56citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

56 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Age and Sex Differences in Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome.Mayo Clinic proceedings. Innovations, quality & outcomes · 2026
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  8. Gender disparity in access to early liver transplant among patients with alcohol associated liver disease and limited sobriety is mediated by psychosocial factors.Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society · 2026
    Article
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  12. Women and alcohol: A call to action.Alcohol, clinical & experimental research · 2026
    Article
  13. Cholinergic regulation of prolonged alcohol withdrawal differs by sex.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Paul A GilbertDepartment of Community and Behavioral Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
George ProDepartment of Community and Behavioral Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
Sarah E ZemoreAlcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, California.
Nina MuliaAlcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, California.
Grant BrownDepartment of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

Funding

TREND &STRUCTURE OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE--GENERAL POPULATION 1990 SURVEY DATAP50AA005595 · NIAAA · WESTERN CONSORTIUM FOR PUBLIC HEALTH · PI MARTINEZ, PRISCILLA · 1985 to 2025
$34.1M
Factors Responsible for Racial-Gender Disparities in Alcohol Services UseR21AA023878 · NIAAA · UNIVERSITY OF IOWA · PI GILBERT, PAUL A. · 2016 to 2017
$400k
NIAAA NIH HHS P50 AA005595NIAAA NIH HHS R21 AA023878
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe majority of adults with alcohol use disorders do not obtain help, and women are less likely to utilize alcohol services than men. We sought to quantify gender differences in alcohol services utilization, overall and by type, using national longitudinal data and to explore potential gender differences in perceived need for help and reasons for not seeking help.

methodsWe analyzed data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions from White, African American, and Hispanic adults (n = 2,592) who met DSM-IV criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence at Wave 1 (2000 to 2001). We tested gender differences in Wave 2 (2004 to 2005) services utilization, perceived need for help, and treatment barriers using Rao-Scott chi-square tests and assessed predictors of outcomes in multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for problem severity, co-occurring disorders, and demographics.

resultsWomen had much lower odds than men of utilizing any alcohol service (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.53; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.33, 0.86), specialty services (aOR 0.41; 95% CI 0.19, 0.87), and 12-step groups (aOR 0.39; 95% CI 0.21, 0.71). Perceived need for help among those who had not used any services was very low (5%), with no gender difference. Further, men and women reported equivalent numbers of treatment barriers and the same rank order for the most frequently endorsed barriers. However, women were twice as likely as men to think a problem would get better by itself-the most frequent reason for not seeking help (47% vs. 24%, p < 0.001), and men were more likely than women to report unsuccessful past help-seeking and not thinking anyone could help (19% vs. 3%, p < 0.001 and 17% vs. 5%, p = 0.001, respectively).

conclusionsConsistent with previous studies, women were less likely to utilize alcohol services than men. Future interventions should address low problem recognition, and tailoring to gender-specific barriers may help close the disparity in services utilization.

Indexed as

AdolescentAdultAlcoholismBlack or African AmericanFemaleHealth Services AccessibilityHispanic or LatinoHumansMaleMiddle AgedPatient Acceptance of Health CareSex FactorsUnited StatesWhite PeopleYoung AdultAlcoholBarriersDisparitiesGenderTreatment

Identifiers

PMID30807660
PMCPMC6443428

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.