ArticlePsychosomatic medicine2019
Expectations of Racism and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in African American Women.
Article in Psychosomatic medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Pooled it
- Heightened Risk of Myocardial Ischemia With Mental Stress Among Black Women Survivors of a Myocardial Infarction in Midlife.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Superwoman schema, motherhood status, and subclinical atherosclerosis among African American women.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- Police-related Stress and Carotid Intima Media Thickness Among African American Women.Biopsychosocial science and medicine · 2026Article
- Anticipated discrimination in daily life: Predictors, stress appraisals, and responses.PloS one · 2026Article
- My Heart, My Self: an intensive longitudinal study examining the influence of intersectional discrimination on blood pressure.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Neighborhood disadvantage and subjective cognitive function among older Black women.Psychology and aging · 2025Article
- Everyday discrimination and subclinical indicators of stroke in midlife women.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2025Article
- Multilevel Racism and Discrimination and Cardiovascular Disease and Related Biopsychosocial Mechanisms: An Integrated Scoping and Literature Review and Future Research Agenda.Current cardiology reports · 2025Article
- Psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2025Review
- Improving Cardiovascular Health Through the Consideration of Social Factors in Genetics and Genomics Research: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes · 2025Review
- Influence of Experiences of Discrimination and Anticipated Discrimination on Cardiovascular Health Outcomes.Current cardiology reports · 2025Review
- Stress and cardiovascular disease: an update.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2024Review
- The Role of Psychosocial Stress on Cardiovascular Disease in Women: JACC State-of-the-Art Review.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2024Review
- Examination of race-based traumatic stress symptom networks in Black adults in the United States: A network analysis.Journal of traumatic stress · 2024Article
- Discrimination, Smoking, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Moderated Mediation Analysis With MESA.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Article
- Assessment of a Daily Diary Study Including Biospecimen Collections in a Sample of Sexual and Gender Minority Young Adults: Feasibility and Acceptability Study.JMIR formative research · 2024Article
- Systems Connected to Inequities in Access to Kidney Transplantation and the Value of Intersectionality.Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation · 2024Article
- Investigating the Associations of Sexual Minority Stressors and Incident Hypertension in a Community Sample of Sexual Minority Adults.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2023Article
- Anti-Racism Efforts in Healthcare: A Selective Review From a Social Cognitive Perspective.Policy insights from the behavioral and brain sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveSeveral researchers have argued that racism-related stressors play an important role in adverse cardiovascular outcomes among African American women. However, studies have primarily focused on experiences of racism; thus, the role of expectations of racism is insufficiently understood. The current proof-of-concept study was designed to examine associations among expectations of racism, self-reported experiences of racism, and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), a marker of cardiovascular risk, in African American women.
methodsParticipants were 52 healthy African American women, aged 30 to 50 years (M (SD) = 40.8 (4.3)). Expectations of racism were assessed with a modified version of the Race-Based Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire, experiences of racism were assessed with the Schedule of Racist Events, and carotid IMT was measured using B-mode ultrasound.
resultsIn linear regression analyses adjusted for age, expectations of racism were associated with higher levels of carotid IMT (b = .04, SE = .014, p = .013), after adjusting for experiences of racism. Findings remained significant after additional adjustments for cardiovascular risk factors (b = .03, SE = .014, p = .032). Associations were not confounded by additional stressors, hostility, or negative affect (depressive symptoms).
conclusionsIndependent of actual reports of racism, "expectations" of racism may be associated with increased cardiovascular risk in African American women. In addition, although experiences of discrimination were associated with depressive symptoms, expectations of racism were not, suggesting that other negative emotions likely play a role. Future studies are needed to replicate these results in larger samples and to explore the psychological and physiological pathways through which expectations of racism might affect cardiovascular disease risk across a range of populations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.