ReviewPain reports
Latin American and Caribbean consensus on noninvasive central nervous system neuromodulation for chronic pain management (LAC
Review in Pain reports. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with rehabilitation training for chronic spinal pain: a systematic review and Meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of phantom limb pain: a systematic review.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2024Pooled it
- Digitalized transcranial electrical stimulation: A consensus statement.Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2022Pooled it
- Neuromodulation techniques for acute and preventive migraine treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.The journal of headache and pain · 2020Pooled it
- Is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effective for chronic low back pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2020Pooled it
- Assessing the effectiveness of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for post-mastectomy pain in breast cancer patients: A randomized controlled trial.Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan) · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Active and sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) improved quality of life in female patients with fibromyalgia.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2022Trial
- Effects of rTMS and tDCS on neuropathic pain after brachial plexus injury: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Home-Based Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Menstrual Pain and Premenstrual Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Noninvasive brain stimulation and athletic performance: a critical narrative review.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2025Review
- The cortical mechanisms underlying the analgesic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (HD-tDCS) Therapy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Study Protocol for a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Exploring the therapeutic potential of transcranial direct current stimulation for chronic low back pain: a scoping review.European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine · 2025Article
- The Effect of Combining Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Pain Neuroscience Education in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain and High Pain Catastrophizing: An Exploratory Clinical, Cognitive, and fMRI Study.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
35 authors at 20 institutions in 11 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionChronic pain (CP) is highly prevalent and generally undertreated health condition. Noninvasive brain stimulation may contribute to decrease pain intensity and influence other aspects related to CP.
objectiveTo provide consensus-based recommendations for the use of noninvasive brain stimulation in clinical practice.
methodsSystematic review of the literature searching for randomized clinical trials followed by consensus panel. Recommendations also involved a cost-estimation study.
resultsThe systematic review wielded 24 transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and 22 repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) studies. The following recommendations were provided: (1) Level A for anodal tDCS over the primary motor cortex (M1) in fibromyalgia, and level B for peripheral neuropathic pain, abdominal pain, and migraine; bifrontal (F3/F4) tDCS and M1 high-definition (HD)-tDCS for fibromyalgia; Oz/Cz tDCS for migraine and for secondary benefits such as improvement in quality of life, decrease in anxiety, and increase in pressure pain threshold; (2) level A recommendation for high-frequency (HF) rTMS over M1 for fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain, and level B for myofascial or musculoskeletal pain, complex regional pain syndrome, and migraine; (3) level A recommendation against the use of anodal M1 tDCS for low back pain; and (4) level B recommendation against the use of HF rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the control of pain.
conclusionTranscranial DCS and rTMS are recommended techniques to be used in the control of CP conditions, with low to moderate analgesic effects, and no severe adverse events. These recommendations are based on a systematic review of the literature and a consensus made by experts in the field. Readers should use it as part of the resources available to decision-making.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.