ReviewFrontiers in immunology2019
Cold Tumors: A Therapeutic Challenge for Immunotherapy.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 730 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
730 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,102 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety analysis of immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced triple-negative breast cancer: an umbrella meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review of immunotherapy in high-grade glioma: learning from the past to shape future perspectives.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Pooled it
- Propionate promotes CD8Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- The Relationship Between Immunogenic Cell Death and Cellular Senescence in Cancer Immunotherapy.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Fibrinogen-Drug Nanoparticles Achieve Durable Responses in Pancreatic and Breast Cancer Murine Models.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Article
- Engineering editopes through programmable RNA editing toward tumor neoantigen generation.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- Cold and hot tumors: immunological determinants, cancer-immunity cycle dysregulation, and nanotechnology-driven therapeutic approaches.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Pan-cancer analysis identifies ODF2 as a dual prognostic and predictive biomarker for immunotherapy.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Advances in improving cancer immunotherapy with nanotechnology: from smart nanoparticles to synergistic combination strategies.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Review
- A CAF-Associated Stromal Remodeling Signature Links Immune Exclusion to Exhaustion-Prone CD8International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Persistent NET states link lesion-related microbial signals to the cold tumor-related local restrictive environment: a context-dependent working model.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Targeting Sirtuins in Thyroid Cancer: Mechanisms, Drug Development, and Emerging Roles in Tumor Immunity and Ferroptosis.Cancers · 2026Review
- SEMA6A inhibits tumor progression and boosts anti-tumor immunity via blocking the ISG15/TGFβ axis in colorectal cancer.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Article
- Inverse relationship between neoantigen clonality and T-cell activity reveals distinct immune phenotypes in HNSCC.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Potent Cytotoxic Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Can Be Generated from Immune-Excluded Chondrosarcomas Using Regulatable Membrane-Bound IL15.Cancer immunology research · 2026Article
- Activating a B cell immune response regresses immunologically cold tumours.Nature nanotechnology · 2026Article
- Research progress on immune microenvironment and biomarkers of small cell lung cancer.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Review
- Dual Roles of hABCB1 in Drug Resistance and Immune Evasion: Implications for Lung Cancer Therapy.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Extrauterine mesonephric-like carcinoma: a tumor with a cold lymphocytic immune microenvironment.Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology · 2026Article
670 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoints (ICPs) have changed the treatment landscape of many tumors. However, response rate remains relatively low in most cases. A major factor involved in initial resistance to ICP inhibitors is the lack or paucity of tumor T cell infiltration, characterizing the so-called "cold tumors." In this review, we describe the main mechanisms involved in the absence of T cell infiltration, including lack of tumor antigens, defect in antigen presentation, absence of T cell activation and deficit of homing into the tumor bed. We discuss then the different therapeutic approaches that could turn cold into hot tumors. In this way, specific therapies are proposed according to their mechanism of action. In addition, ''supra-physiological'' therapies, such as T cell recruiting bispecific antibodies and Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells, may be active regardless of the mechanism involved, especially in MHC class I negative tumors. The determination of the main factors implicated in the lack of preexisting tumor T cell infiltration is crucial for the development of adapted algorithms of treatments for cold tumors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.