ReviewBreast care (Basel, Switzerland)2018
Gynecomastia - Conservative and Surgical Management.
Review in Breast care (Basel, Switzerland), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of Clinical Outcomes Between Liposuction Combined with the Pull-Through Technique Versus Arthroscopic Shaver Excision for Gynecomastia.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Article
- Emotional quality-of-life after chest masculinizing surgery among transgender persons aged under versus over 18 years: a comparative observational study.Journal of patient-reported outcomes · 2026Observational
- Cross-chest liposuction plus gland resection through single minimal incision for management of grade I/II gynecomastia.BMC surgery · 2025Article
- Simultaneous Treatment of Pseudo-gynecomastia and Lateral Chest in Patients with Massive Weight Loss.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2025Article
- A Dermatological Intervention of Gynecomastia in Young Asian Man with a History of Soy Product Consumption: A Case Report.International medical case reports journal · 2025Article
- Efficacy comparison of subcutaneous mastectomy using gasless and gas-insufflation single-port transaxillary approaches for gynecomastia.Frontiers in surgery · 2025Article
- A Unique Case of Unilateral Pseudogynecomastia.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A Retrospective Review of Arthroscopic Shaver Utilization in Adolescent Gynecomastia.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2023Article
- Tamoxifen Treatment for Pubertal Gynecomastia: When to Start and How Long to Continue.Breast care (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- A retrospective cohort study of tamoxifen versus surgical treatment for ER-positive gynecomastia.BMC endocrine disorders · 2023Article
- Gynecomastia: A systematic review of pharmacological treatments.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Review
- Gynecomastia: Ultrasound-Confirmed Classification Pertainent to Surgical Correction.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2021Article
- Gynecomastia: a study to assess how students perceive this disease.GMS Interdisciplinary plastic and reconstructive surgery DGPW · 2021Article
- [A Review on Gynecomastia and Male Breast Cancer for Radiologists].Taehan Yongsang Uihakhoe chi · 2020Review
- Benign Breast Diseases.Breast care (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gynecomastia is defined as a unilateral or bilateral persistent benign mammary gland enlargement in men. Prevalence of asymptomatic gynecomastia is up to 65%. True gynecomastia must be distinguished from pseudogynecomastia. Typically, in true gynecomastia, a solid tissue mass is palpable below the nipple-areolar complex. Malignant changes such as male mammary carcinoma must always be ruled out. The causes of gynecomastia are diverse. An imbalance of female to male hormones triggers the onset of the disease. This imbalance can be caused by endogenous diseases like hyperthyroidism, chronic liver disease, primary or secondary gonadal failure, androgen resistance syndromes, medication, and drug abuse. A series of heart or hypertension medications can also trigger gynecomastia. A basic requirement of proper therapy planning is knowledge of the triggers and possible drug therapy options. Inquiring about the patient's lifestyle and medication history is essential. Drug therapy with tamoxifen may be considered at an early stage. For gynecomastia persisting over 12 months, surgical excision is the treatment of choice, and there are several surgical options available depending on the grade of the gynecomastia. A thoughtful approach to managing this condition can lead to high patient satisfaction.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.