Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30796648›Full record

ArticleJournal of abnormal child psychology2019

Family Burden of Raising a Child with ADHD.

Xin Zhao, Timothy F Page, Amy R Altszuler, William E Pelham, Heidi Kipp, Elizabeth M Gnagy, Stefany Coxe, Nicole K Schatz, Brittany M Merrill, Fiona L Macphee and 1 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of abnormal child psychology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06971640 (Advancing Identification of Circadian Delay in ADHD Youth), which is not on this map. Cited by 82 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
82citing papers in PubMed, 8 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06971640 recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2025, after this paper: background citation

Advancing Identification of Circadian Delay in ADHD Youth: Associations With Clinical Heterogeneity and Cognition

TypeobservationalSponsorDuke UniversityRan2025 to 2029Enrolled250ConditionsADHD - Attention Deficit Disorder With Hyperactivity, ADHD
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

82 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Xin ZhaoDepartment of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA. xzhao022@fiu.edu.ORCID 0000-0001-8455-9757
Timothy F PageCenter for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
Amy R AltszulerDepartment of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
William E PelhamDepartment of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
Heidi KippDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
Elizabeth M GnagyCenter for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
Stefany CoxeDepartment of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
Nicole K SchatzDepartment of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
Brittany M MerrillDepartment of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
Fiona L MacpheeDepartment of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
William E PelhamDepartment of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.

Funding

DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE IN ADHD ADOLESCENTSR01AA011873 · NIAAA · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI MOLINA, BROOKE S.G. · 1998 to 2007
$8.5M
The Development of Alcohol Use and Abuse in ADHD Adolescents and Young AdultsR37AA011873 · NIAAA · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI MOLINA, BROOKE S.G. · 2008 to 2017
$7.9M
VALIDITY OF DSM-N SUBTYPES OF ADHD FOR YOUNG CHILDRENR01MH053554 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO · PI LAHEY, BENJAMIN B · 1995 to 2009
$4.2M
Research training in substance use prevention: Closing the research-practice gapT32DA039772 · NIDA · ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY-TEMPE CAMPUS · PI Cady Berkel, Nancy A. Gonzales · 2015 to 2026
$4.2M
Development of Drug Use and Abuse in ADHD AdolescentsR01DA012414 · NIDA · STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO · PI PELHAM, WILLIAM E · 2001 to 2012
$2.2M
The Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study: Predicting alcohol misuse, problems, and disorder in mid-adulthoodR56AA011873 · NIAAA · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI MOLINA, BROOKE S.G. · 2018 to 2018
$100k
Identifying Children and Teens at Risk for Early Onset Alcohol Use: An Innovative Application of Machine Learning Algorithms to PreventionF31AA026768 · NIAAA · ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY-TEMPE CAMPUS · PI PELHAM III, WILLIAM ELLERBE · 2018 to 2019
$88k
Institute of Education Sciences (US) R324J060024, LO30000665A, R324B060045NIAAA NIH HHS AA11873NIAAA NIH HHS F31 AA026768NIAAA NIH HHS T32DA039772NIDA NIH HHS DA12414, DA12986NIMH NIH HHS R01-MH-53554, MH069614, MH069434, MH092466, MH065899, MH62988
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to estimate the burden to families of raising a child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Data were drawn from a longitudinal sample recruited in western Pennsylvania. When participants were between 14 and 17 years old, parents completed a questionnaire assessing economic burden over the course of raising their children. Domains of economic burden to families included direct costs related to child's behaviors (excluding treatment expenses) and indirect costs related to caregiver strain. On average, participants with ADHD incurred a total economic burden over the course of child development that was more than five times greater compared to youths without ADHD (ADHD = $15,036 per child, Control = $2,848 per child), and this difference remained significant after controlling for intellectual functioning, oppositional defiant symptoms, or conduct problems. Parents of participants with ADHD were more likely to have changed their job responsibilities or been fired and reported lower work efficiency. The current evaluation of economic burden to individual families extends previous estimates of annual societal cost of illness (COI) of ADHD. Our rough annual estimate of COI for ADHD in children and adolescents is $124.5 billion (2017 US Dollars). Findings underscore the need for interventions to reduce the costly dysfunctional outcomes in families of children with ADHD.

Indexed as

Cost of IllnessEmploymentParentsAdolescentAdultAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleADHDCost analysisEconomic impactFamily burden

Identifiers

PMID30796648

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.