ArticleDiabetes care2019
Gluten Intake and Risk of Islet Autoimmunity and Progression to Type 1 Diabetes in Children at Increased Risk of the Disease: The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY).
Article in Diabetes care, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diet, gut microbiome, and type 1 diabetes: from risk to translational opportunity.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Association of exclusive breast feeding and early cereal introduction with the development of Type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Specification curve analysis of the TEDDY study reveals large variation in microbiome-based T1D predictive performance.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Dietary Components in the Pathogenesis and Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes in Children.Hormone research in paediatrics · 2025Review
- Evaluation of genetic association between celiac disease and type 1 diabetes.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2024Article
- Cumulative incidence of type 1 diabetes in two cohorts of children with different national gluten recommendations in infancy.Acta diabetologica · 2024Article
- Failure to replicate the diabetes alleviating effect of a maternal gluten-free diet in non-obese diabetic mice.PloS one · 2023Article
- Breastfeeding, nutrition and type 1 diabetes: a case-control study in Izmir, Turkey.International breastfeeding journal · 2022Article
- Environmental Triggering of Type 1 Diabetes Autoimmunity.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- The Multifactorial Progression from the Islet Autoimmunity to Type 1 Diabetes in Children.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Maternal food consumption during late pregnancy and offspring risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2021Observational
- A Triple Threat? The Role of Diet, Nutrition, and the Microbiota in T1D Pathogenesis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Review
- Article
- Environmental Determinants of Type 1 Diabetes: From Association to Proving Causality.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Zonulin as a potential putative biomarker of risk for shared type 1 diabetes and celiac disease autoimmunity.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2020Review
- Maternal and child gluten intake and association with type 1 diabetes: The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study.PLoS medicine · 2020Observational
- Type 1 diabetes-early life origins and changing epidemiology.The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2020Review
- Large-Scale Screening in General Population Children for Celiac Disease with a Multiplex Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Assay.Journal of immunology research · 2020Article
- Early Nutrition and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes: The Role of Gut Microbiota.Frontiers in nutrition · 2020Review
- The Challenges of Identifying Environmental Determinants of Type 1 Diabetes: In Search of the Holy Grail.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo study the association of gluten intake with development of islet autoimmunity and progression to type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsThe Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) follows children with an increased risk of type 1 diabetes. Blood samples were collected at 9, 15, and 24 months of age, and annually thereafter. Islet autoimmunity was defined by the appearance of at least one autoantibody against insulin, IA2, GAD, or ZnT8 (zinc transporter 8) in at least two consecutive blood samples. Using food frequency questionnaires, we estimated the gluten intake (in grams per day) annually from 1 year of age. Cox regression modeling early gluten intake, and joint modeling of the cumulative gluten intake during follow-up, were used to estimate hazard ratios adjusted for confounders (aHR).
resultsBy August 2017, 1,916 subjects were included (median age at end of follow-up 13.5 years), islet autoimmunity had developed in 178 participants, and 56 of these progressed to type 1 diabetes. We found no association between islet autoimmunity and gluten intake at 1-2 years of age or during follow-up (aHR per 4 g/day increase in gluten intake 1.00, 95% CI 0.85-1.17 and 1.01, 0.99-1.02, respectively). We found similar null results for progression from islet autoimmunity to type 1 diabetes. Introduction of gluten at <4 months of age was associated with an increased risk of progressing from islet autoimmunity to type 1 diabetes compared with introduction at 4-5.9 months (aHR 8.69, 95% CI 1.69-44.8).
conclusionsOur findings indicate no strong rationale to reduce the amount of gluten in high-risk children to prevent development of type 1 diabetes.
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