ArticleJournal of neurotrauma2019
Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know.
Article in Journal of neurotrauma, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 304 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
304 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 478 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association Between Sex and Mortality After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Neurocritical care · 2026Pooled it
- Prognostic Factors Associated with Pneumonia in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Neurocritical care · 2026Pooled it
- Cortical Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Exercise Training in Post-Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Investigating the Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps as a Therapeutic Target in Traumatic Brain Injury: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Pooled it
- The Scale of Neurodegeneration in Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies.Annals of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Using neuroimaging to identify sex differences in adults with sports-related concussion: a systematic review.Brain imaging and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- Accelerated Aging after Traumatic Brain Injury: An ENIGMA Multi-Cohort Mega-Analysis.Annals of neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Purtscher's and Purtscher-like retinopathy etiology, features, management, and outcomes: A summative systematic review of 168 cases.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Olfactory Dysfunction Following Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Neuropsychology review · 2023Pooled it
- Clinical characteristics and risk factors for bilateral lateral geniculate body pathology: a systematic review of the literature.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2023Pooled it
- The global burden of traumatic brain injury in adolescents and young adults, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- The Effect of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis: A Narrative Review.Journal of neurotrauma · 2026Review
- Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion: Modern Pathophysiological Insights, Diagnostic Advances, and Active Management Protocols.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Cognitive and Behavioral Functioning in Female Former Soccer Players: Results from the Head Impact and Trauma Surveillance Study (HITSS).Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Sex and Gender Differences in Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep During Traumatic Brain Injury Recovery: A Narrative Review.European journal of sport science · 2026Review
- Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: A devastating legacy of repetitive concussion.Neurobiology of disease · 2026Review
- The Ocular Signature of TBI: A Narrative Review of Structural Changes and Potential Candidate Biomarkers.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Single-Exposure Prophylactic Transcranial Nano-Pulsed Laser Therapy Promotes Functional Resilience Following Mild Blast-Induced Neurotrauma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Article
244 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
There is growing recognition of the problem of male bias in neuroscience research, including in the field of traumatic brain injury (TBI) where fewer women than men are recruited to clinical trials and male rodents have predominantly been used as an experimental injury model. Despite TBI being a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide, sex differences in pathophysiology and recovery are poorly understood, limiting clinical care and successful drug development. Given growing interest in sex as a biological variable affecting injury outcomes and treatment efficacy, there is a clear need to summarize sex differences in TBI. This scoping review presents an overview of current knowledge of sex differences in TBI and a comparison of human and animal studies. We found that overall, human studies report worse outcomes in women than men, whereas animal studies report better outcomes in females than males. However, closer examination shows that multiple factors including injury severity, sample size, and experimental injury model may differentially interact with sex to affect TBI outcomes. Additionally, we explore how sex differences in mitochondrial structure and function might contribute to possible sex differences in TBI outcomes. We propose recommendations for future investigations of sex differences in TBI, which we hope will lead to improved patient management, prognosis, and translation of therapies from bench to bedside.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.