ReviewFrontiers in pediatrics2019
Sex Differences in Nutrition, Growth, and Metabolism in Preterm Infants.
Review in Frontiers in pediatrics, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Role and Regulation of Intramuscular Sex Hormones in Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- Determinants of rapid infant weight gain: A pooled analysis of seven cohorts.Pediatric obesity · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Long-Term Outcomes after Early Neonatal Hyperglycemia in VLBW Infants: A Systematic Review.Neonatology · 2021Pooled it
- Demographic, socio-economic, obstetric, and behavioral factors associated with small-and large-for-gestational-age from a prospective, population-based pregnancy cohort in rural Nepal: a secondary data analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Trial
- Associations between prenatal per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and fetal growth measurements in utero and at birth in the LIFECODES cohort: 2006-2019.Environmental research · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial dysfunction as a potential pathway linking DL-PCB exposure to intrauterine growth retardation.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2026Article
- A Collaborative, Multi-Institutional Growth Standard for Dam-Reared Infant Rhesus and Pigtail Macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca nemestrina) in Research Settings.American journal of primatology · 2026Article
- Prenatal stress, hormones, and fetal brain development: gender differences.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2026Review
- Associations between prenatal per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and repeated measures of bioactive lipids during pregnancy in the LIFECODES cohort.The Science of the total environment · 2026Article
- Early gestational weight gain and birth weight outcome: a Chinese population-based cohort.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Atopic diseases in pediatric population: prematurity and small for gestational age.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- The Effect of Prenatal Dexamethasone Exposure on Placental Morphology and Function at Different Stages, Doses, and Courses In Mice.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2025Article
- Sex-selective abortion bans and the birth outcomes of Asian immigrants.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Epiphenomena in psychosis: how perinatal stressful events shape long-term outcomes.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Review
- Article
- Sex Differences in Body Composition and MASLD in Children With Overweight and Obesity.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2025Article
- Role of FGF-19, FGF-21 and FGF-23 in Fetal and Neonatal Growth.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Evaluation of Anthropometric Measurements of 17,693 Newborns: Have Percentile Cut-Off Values Changed?Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Tailoring Treatment: The Role of Sex/Gender-Specific Medicine.The world journal of men's health · 2025Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Biological differences between the sexes are apparent even from the early part of the pregnancy. The crown-rump length is larger in male fetuses compared to females in the first trimester. Placentae of male and female fetuses have different protein and gene expressions, especially in adverse conditions. Even within the intrauterine milieu, the same extracellular micro RNA may show upregulation in females and downregulation in male fetuses. There appears to be a natural survival advantage for females. Maternal glucocorticoids (GC) play an important role in fetal growth and organ maturation. However, excess glucocorticoids can not only affect growth but the response may be sex-specific and probably mediated through glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in the placenta. Mild pre-eclampsia and asthma are associated with normal growth pattern in males, but in female fetuses, they are associated with a slowing of growth rate without causing IUGR probably as an adaptive response for future adverse events. Thus, female fetuses survive while male fetuses exhibit IUGR, preterm delivery and even death in the face of another adverse event. It is thought that the maternal diet may not influence growth but may influence the programming for adult disease. There is growing evidence that maternal pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity status is directly associated with a higher risk of obesity in a male child, but not in a female child, at 1 year of age. It is observed that exposure to gestational diabetes is a risk factor for childhood overweight in boys but not in girls. It is fascinating that male and female fetuses respond differently to the same intrauterine environment, and this suggests a fundamental biological variation most likely at the cellular and molecular level.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.