ArticleHealth services research2019
Will converting naloxone to over-the-counter status increase pharmacy sales?
Article in Health services research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Access to Naloxone and Preferences for Its Online Purchase Among Individuals Affected by Opioid Misuse.Cureus · 2025Article
- Implementation of Medication Disposal Programs and Availability of Same-Day Naloxone at Community Pharmacies: Protocol for a Secret Shopper Caller Approach.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Naloxone Knowledge, Carrying, Purchase, and Use.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Price Sensitivity and Information Barriers to the Take-Up of Naloxone.American economic journal. Economic policy · 2024Article
- Article
- Intranasal Naloxone for Opioid Overdose.JAMA · 2024Article
- The effect of cigarette and e-cigarette taxes on prescriptions for smoking cessation medications.Health services research · 2023Article
- Scaling up overdose education and naloxone distribution in Kentucky: adoption and reach achieved through a "hub with many spokes" model.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2023Article
- Naloxone Accessibility Under the State Standing Order Across Mississippi.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Promises and perils of the FDA's over-the-counter naloxone reclassification.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2023Article
- Impact of prenatal substance use policies on commercially insured pregnant females with opioid use disorder.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2022Article
- The role of increasing pharmacy and community distributed naloxone in the opioid overdose epidemic in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New York City.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2022Article
- Trends in Out-of-Pocket Costs for Naloxone by Drug Brand and Payer in the US, 2010-2018.JAMA health forum · 2022Observational
- Expert views on state-level naloxone access laws: a qualitative analysis of an online modified-Delphi process.Harm reduction journal · 2022Article
- Effectiveness and implementability of state-level naloxone access policies: Expert consensus from an online modified-Delphi process.The International journal on drug policy · 2021Article
- Patient, prescriber, and Community factors associated with filled naloxone prescriptions among patients receiving buprenorphine 2017-18.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Article
- Considering the Potential Benefits of Over-the-Counter Naloxone.Integrated pharmacy research & practice · 2021Review
- Association of Opioid Overdose Risk Factors and Naloxone Prescribing in US Adults.Journal of general internal medicine · 2020Observational
- Association Between a State Law Allowing Pharmacists to Dispense Naloxone Without a Prescription and Naloxone Dispensing Rates.JAMA network open · 2020Article
- Will converting naloxone to over-the-counter status increase pharmacy sales?Health services research · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo estimate the own-price elasticity of demand for naloxone, a prescription medication that can counter the effects of an opioid overdose, and predict the change in pharmacy sales following a conversion to over-the-counter status. DATA SOURCES/STUDY
settingThe primary data source was a nationwide prescription claims dataset for 2010-2017. The data cover 80 percent of US retail pharmacies and account for roughly 90 percent of prescriptions filled. Additional covariates were obtained from various secondary data sources. STUDY
designWe estimated a longitudinal, simultaneous equation model of naloxone supply and demand. Our primary variables of interest were the quantity of naloxone sold, measured as total milligrams sold at pharmacies, and the out-of-pocket price paid per milligram, both measured per ZIP Code and quarter-year. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION
methodsPrimary data came directly from payers and processors of prescription drug claims. PRINCIPAL
findingsWe found that, on average, a 1 percent increase in the out-of-pocket price paid for naloxone would result in a 0.27 percent decrease in pharmacy sales. We predict that the total quantity of naloxone sold in pharmacies would increase 15 percent to 179 percent following conversion to over-the-counter status.
conclusionsNaloxone is own-price inelastic, and conversion to over-the-counter status is likely to lead to a substantial increase in total pharmacy sales.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.