ArticlePsychological medicine2020
Individual differences
Article in Psychological medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07699159 (Cohort Network for Adolescents and Youth With multipLe Mental Health Conditions), which is not on this map. Cited by 111 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Cohort Network for Adolescents and Youth With multipLe Mental Health Conditions (CALM): A Master Observational Trial
Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 214 citations in OpenAlex.
- Different functional alteration in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across developmental age groups: A meta-analysis and an independent validation of resting-state functional connectivity studies.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2023Pooled it
- A Neuroaffirmative, Self-Determination Theory-Based Psychosocial Intervention for Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Randomized Feasibility Study.JMIR formative research · 2025Trial
- Multimodal fusion of structural and functional brain imaging in depression using linked independent component analysis.Human brain mapping · 2020Trial
- Connectomic signatures advance the understandings of transdiagnostic heterogeneity in psychosis.Communications medicine · 2026Review
- Individualised Structural and Functional Frontostriatal Connectivity Mapping in Adult ADHD.Human brain mapping · 2026Article
- Multiscale Heterogeneity of White Matter Morphometry in Psychiatric Disorders.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2026Article
- Reproducible Temperament Profiles in Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Prospectively Predict Clinical Outcomes.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2026Article
- Estimating Accelerated Retinal Decline in Mental Health Disorders Through Normative Modeling.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Multi-threshold polygenic risk improves hippocampal-based cognitive decline prediction.Genome medicine · 2026Article
- Age-stratified individual-specific subspace of autism spectrum disorder based on common orthogonal basis extraction algorithm improves the accuracy of clinical symptoms prediction.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Plasma Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) shows age-dependent associations with externalizing psychopathology and atypical brain connectivity.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Review
- Brain morphology in Anorexia Nervosa and its subtypes: A multi-cohort study of individual participant data.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Mapping ADHD Heterogeneity and Biotypes by Topological Deviations in Morphometric Similarity Networks.JAMA psychiatry · 2026Article
- Disentangling individual heterogeneity reveals robust network and molecular signatures of major depressive disorder with suicidal ideation.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Integrating single-channel EEG neurofeedback into video game-based digital therapeutics for ADHD.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Mapping heterogeneous brain structural subtypes in alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment using normative models.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Predicting developmental norms from baseline cortical thickness in longitudinal studies.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Multiscale heterogeneity of atypical functional connectivity in autism.Nature. Mental health · 2026Article
- Clinical Phenotype Identification in Chinese Children with ADHD Using Latent Profile Analysis and Implications for Precision Nursing Pathways.Psychology research and behavior management · 2026Article
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe present paper presents a fundamentally novel approach to model individual differences of persons with the same biologically heterogeneous mental disorder. Unlike prevalent case-control analyses, that assume a clear distinction between patient and control groups and thereby introducing the concept of an 'average patient', we describe each patient's biology individually, gaining insights into the different facets that characterize persistent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
methodsUsing a normative modeling approach, we mapped inter-individual differences in reference to normative structural brain changes across the lifespan to examine the degree to which case-control analyses disguise differences between individuals.
resultsAt the level of the individual, deviations from the normative model were frequent in persistent ADHD. However, the overlap of more than 2% between participants with ADHD was only observed in few brain loci. On average, participants with ADHD showed significantly reduced gray matter in the cerebellum and hippocampus compared to healthy individuals. While the case-control differences were in line with the literature on ADHD, individuals with ADHD only marginally reflected these group differences.
conclusionsCase-control comparisons, disguise inter-individual differences in brain biology in individuals with persistent ADHD. The present results show that the 'average ADHD patient' has limited informative value, providing the first evidence for the necessity to explore different biological facets of ADHD at the level of the individual and practical means to achieve this end.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.