ReviewCells2019
Leukocyte⁻Cancer Cell Fusion-Genesis of a Deadly Journey.
Review in Cells, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Circulating Signature of Tumour Hybrid Cells and Immune Checkpoints Predicts Metastatic Progression in Lung Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Implications of Heterotypic Cell Fusion in Cancer.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Cancer-associated macrophage-like cells as a prognostic biomarker in solid tumors.The journal of liquid biopsy · 2024Review
- Quantitative image analysis pipeline for detecting circulating hybrid cells in immunofluorescence images with human-level accuracy.Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology · 2024Article
- Article
- Is cancer an intelligent species?Cancer metastasis reviews · 2023Review
- Intratumor Heterogeneity and Treatment Resistance of Solid Tumors with a Focus on Polyploid/Senescent Giant Cancer Cells (PGCCs).International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Horizontal Transfer of Malignant Traits and the Involvement of Extracellular Vesicles in Metastasis.Cells · 2023Review
- The impact and outcomes of cancer-macrophage fusion.BMC cancer · 2023Article
- Review
- Article
- Cell fusion as a link between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, COVID-19 complications, and vaccine side effects.Oncotarget · 2021Article
- Colon cancer cells acquire immune regulatory molecules from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes by trogocytosis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Can the Mitochondrial Metabolic Theory Explain Better the Origin and Management of Cancer than Can the Somatic Mutation Theory?Metabolites · 2021Article
- Cell fusion in cancer hallmarks: Current research status and future indications.Oncology letters · 2021Review
- Review
- Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma: Challenges and Road Ahead.Cells · 2021Review
- Review
- Genome remodeling upon mesenchymal tumor cell fusion contributes to tumor progression and metastatic spread.Oncogene · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
According to estimates from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, by the year 2030 there will be 22 million new cancer cases and 13 million deaths per year. The main cause of cancer mortality is not the primary tumor itself but metastasis to distant organs and tissues, yet the mechanisms of this process remain poorly understood. Leukocyte⁻cancer cell fusion and hybrid formation as an initiator of metastasis was proposed more than a century ago by the German pathologist Prof. Otto Aichel. This proposal has since been confirmed in more than 50 animal models and more recently in one patient with renal cell carcinoma and two patients with malignant melanoma. Leukocyte⁻tumor cell fusion provides a unifying explanation for metastasis. While primary tumors arise in a wide variety of tissues representing not a single disease but many different diseases, metastatic cancer may be only one disease arising from a common, nonmutational event: Fusion of primary tumor cells with leukocytes. From the findings to date, it would appear that such hybrid formation is a major pathway for metastasis. Studies on the mechanisms involved could uncover new targets for therapeutic intervention.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.