ArticleCirculation2019
Public Perceptions on Why Women Receive Less Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Than Men in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.
Article in Circulation, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 135 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Trial
- Race, Gender, and Survival: a Scoping Review of Disparities in ICU Post-Resuscitation Care and Neurological Outcomes Following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Review
- The missing sex and gender lens in artificial-intelligence-enabled resuscitation.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2026Article
- The implementation of diverse skin-toned female manikins in hospital provider basic life support training.Resuscitation plus · 2026Article
- Bridging the emergency response gap: evaluating CPR knowledge and preparedness among healthcare students at the University of Kalamoon.International journal of emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Representation of female and male pictorial instructions on automated external defibrillators, pad packages, and defibrillation pads.Resuscitation plus · 2026Article
- Differences in admission to trauma centres by sex among adults with traumatic brain injury: a population-based cohort study.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2026Article
- Targeted solutions to bridge the gap between sexes in the use of automated external defibrillators.Resuscitation plus · 2026Article
- Differences in bystander CPR by patient, caller, and telecommunicator sex: a retrospective analysis of emergency calls.Resuscitation plus · 2026Article
- Assessment of knowledge and awareness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and heart attack symptoms amongst medical students in Syria - a cross-sectional study.BMC medical education · 2026Article
- Medical Student Perspectives on Female Anatomical Representation in CPR Training.Advances in medical education and practice · 2026Article
- Knowledge and Willingness to Perform Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation by Bystanders in Jordan; A Nationwide Cross-sectional Study.Archives of academic emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Predictors, barriers and facilitators of bystander interventions in out of hospital cardiac arrest: a cross-sectional study from the UAE.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Knowledge and attitudes toward cardiopulmonary resuscitation on women in Arab countries: An international cross-sectional survey study.Resuscitation plus · 2026Article
- From rare procedure to institutional capability: a proposal to embed systematic training and adoption of emergency front of neck access.British journal of anaesthesia · 2025Review
- Diversity of CPR manikins for basic life support education: use of manikin sex, race and body shape - a scoping review.Emergency medicine journal : EMJ · 2025Article
- CPR manikin diversity for BLS education: Current status mapped by an international cross-sectional survey and steps to reach health equity.Resuscitation plus · 2025Article
- Association between bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation initiation and patient's sex: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Resuscitation plus · 2025Review
- Removal of bra for pad placement and defibrillation - A scoping review.Resuscitation plus · 2025Review
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWomen who suffer an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest receive bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) less often than men. Understanding public perceptions of why this occurs is a necessary first step toward equitable application of this potentially life-saving intervention.
methodsWe conducted a national survey of members of the public using Mechanical Turk, Amazon's crowdsourcing platform, to determine reasons why women might receive bystander CPR less often than men. Eligible participants were adults (≥18 years) located in the United States. Responses were excluded if the participant was not able to define CPR correctly. Participants were asked to answer the following free-text question: "Do you have any ideas on why women may be less likely to receive CPR than men when they collapse in public?" Descriptive statistics were used to define the cohort. The free-text response was coded using open coding, and major themes were identified via classical content analysis.
resultsIn total, 548 subjects were surveyed. Mean age was 38.8 years, and 49.8% were female. Participants were geographically distributed as follows: 18.5% West, 9.2% Southwest, 22.0% Midwest, 27.5% Southeast, and 22.9% Northeast. After analysis, 3 major themes were detected for why the public perceives that women receive less bystander CPR. They include the following: (1) sexualization of women's bodies; (2) women are weak and frail and therefore prone to injury; and (3) misperceptions about women in acute medical distress. Overall, 41.9% (227) were trained in CPR while 4.4% reported having provided CPR in a medical emergency.
conclusionsMembers of the general public perceive fears about inappropriate touching, accusations of sexual assault, and fear of causing injury as inhibiting bystander CPR for women. Educational and policy efforts to address these perceptions may reduce the sex differences in the application of bystander CPR.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.