Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30778320›Full record

ReviewFrontiers in psychology2019

Presence and Cybersickness in Virtual Reality Are Negatively Related: A Review.

Séamas Weech, Sophie Kenny, Michael Barnett-Cowan

Registry-linked trialAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in psychology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07782749 (Effects of Virtual Reality-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery), which is not on this map. Cited by 189 papers, 14 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
189citing papers in PubMed, 14 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07782749 nanot yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Effects of Virtual Reality-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery

TypeinterventionalSponsorAzienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di SassariRan2026 to 2029Enrolled46ConditionsCardiac RehabilitationArmsVirtual Reality
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

189 citing papers in PubMed, 14 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  7. Effects of Medical Education Program Using Virtual Reality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023
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129 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Séamas WeechDepartment of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
Sophie KennyThe Games Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
Michael Barnett-CowanDepartment of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In order to take advantage of the potential offered by the medium of virtual reality (VR), it will be essential to develop an understanding of how to maximize the desirable experience of "presence" in a virtual space ("being there"), and how to minimize the undesirable feeling of "cybersickness" (a constellation of discomfort symptoms experienced in VR). Although there have been frequent reports of a possible link between the observer's sense of presence and the experience of bodily discomfort in VR, the amount of literature that discusses the nature of the relationship is limited. Recent research has underlined the possibility that these variables have shared causes, and that both factors may be manipulated with a single approach. This review paper summarizes the concepts of presence and cybersickness and highlights the strengths and gaps in our understanding about their relationship. We review studies that have measured the association between presence and cybersickness, and conclude that the balance of evidence favors a negative relationship between the two factors which is driven principally by sensory integration processes. We also discuss how system immersiveness might play a role in modulating both presence and cybersickness. However, we identify a serious absence of high-powered studies that aim to reveal the nature of this relationship. Based on this evidence we propose recommendations for future studies investigating presence, cybersickness, and other related factors.

Indexed as

cybersicknesshuman factorspresencesensory integrationvirtual reality

Identifiers

PMID30778320
PMCPMC6369189

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.