Trial reportPreventive medicine2019
How should sugar-sweetened beverage health warnings be designed? A randomized experiment.
Trial report in Preventive medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05038163 (Are Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Information Labels Well-Targeted), which is not on this map. Cited by 61 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Are Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Information Labels Well-Targeted: Evidence and Welfare Implications
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 92 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sugary drink warnings: A meta-analysis of experimental studies.PLoS medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Designing Social Media Health Warnings for Teenagers and Young Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA health forum · 2026Trial
- Environmental Menu Labels and Food Selection Among US Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- Online RCT of Added-Sugar Warning Labels and Spanish-English Label Education.American journal of preventive medicine · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Front-of-Package Food Labels and Perceived Weight Stigmatization: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2025Trial
- Exploring the Potential for Graphic Warning Labels to Reduce Intentions to Consume Energy Drinks.Health promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals · 2025Trial
- Developing ecolabels to encourage sustainable eating in restaurants: A randomized experiment.PloS one · 2025Trial
- "Warning: ultra-processed": an online experiment examining the impact of ultra-processed warning labels on consumers' product perceptions and behavioral intentions.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Effects of 4 Interpretive Front-of-Package Labeling Systems on Hypothetical Beverage and Snack Selections: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2023Trial
- Impact of taxes and warning labels on red meat purchases among US consumers: A randomized controlled trial.PLoS medicine · 2023Trial
- Online RCT of Icon Added-Sugar Warning Labels for Restaurant Menus.American journal of preventive medicine · 2023Trial
- A randomised experimental study comparing perceptions of two energy drink health warning labels.Health promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals · 2023Trial
- Designing Effective Alcohol Warnings: Consumer Reactions to Icons and Health Topics.American journal of preventive medicine · 2023Trial
- Consumer Reactions to Positive and Negative Front-of-Package Food Labels.American journal of preventive medicine · 2023Trial
- Effect of Climate Change Impact Menu Labels on Fast Food Ordering Choices Among US Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2022Trial
- Communicating the risks of tobacco and alcohol co-use.Addictive behaviors · 2022Trial
- Effect of Front-of-Package Information, Fruit Imagery, and High-Added Sugar Warning Labels on Parent Beverage Choices for Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2022Trial
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Health warnings are a promising strategy for reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), but uncertainty remains about how to design warnings to maximize their impact. Warnings already implemented in Latin America use nutrient disclosures, while proposed U.S. warnings would describe the health effects of consuming SSBs. We sought to determine whether warning characteristics influence consumers' reactions to SSB health warnings. A national convenience sample of U.S. adults (n = 1360) completed an online survey in 2018. In a factorial design, we randomly assigned participants to view SSB health warnings that differed in: 1) inclusion of health effects ("Drinking beverages with added sugar contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay"); 2) inclusion of a nutrient disclosure ("High in added sugar"); 3) inclusion of the marker word "WARNING;" and 4) shape (octagon vs. rectangle). The primary outcome was perceived message effectiveness (PME, range 1-5). PME was higher for warnings that included health effects (average differential effect [ADE] = 0.63, p < 0.001) or nutrient disclosures (ADE = 0.32, p < 0.001) compared to warnings without this information. However, adding a nutrient disclosure to a warning that already included health effects did not lead to higher PME compared to warnings with health effects alone. The marker "WARNING" (ADE = 0.21) and the octagon shape (ADE = 0.08) also led to higher PME compared to warnings without these characteristics (ps < 0.001). The same pattern of results held for the secondary outcomes, fear and thinking about harms. SSB health warnings may have more impact if they describe health effects, use the marker "WARNING," and are octagon-shaped.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.