SynthesisInternational urogynecology journal2019
Incidence of perineal pain and dyspareunia following spontaneous vaginal birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in International urogynecology journal, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of the Photobiomodulation on the Pelvi-perineal Pain in Patients in Immediate Post-partum Situation
The Effect of Instrumented and Non-Instrumental Perineal Massage on Birth Results in the Active Phase of Labor
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Postpartum perineal pain and its association with sub-classified second-degree tears and perineal trauma-A follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2024Trial
- Oral tramadol versus oral celecoxib for analgesia after mediolateral episiotomy repair in obese primigravidae: a randomized controlled trial.International urogynecology journal · 2021Trial
- Pelvic floor rehabilitation in the treatment of women with dyspareunia: a randomized controlled clinical trial.International urogynecology journal · 2019Trial
- Standardized Episiotomy Using a Blade-Based Device Reduces Long-Term Perineal Pain and Improves Sexual Function: A Randomized Controlled Trial.International urogynecology journal · 2026Article
- Photobiomodulation for Pain, Healing, and Analgesic Use after Perineal Lacerations: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.International urogynecology journal · 2026Article
- Peripartum predictors of postpartum dyspareunia: a longitudinal observational cohort study.Archives of women's mental health · 2026Observational
- Physical Rehabilitation for Postpartum Perineal Morbidity After Episiotomy and Childbirth-Related Perineal Trauma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Orthopedic reviews · 2026Article
- Genetic variation in macrophage-restricted FOLR2 is associated with neurodevelopmental and reproductive immune phenotypes.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Women's experience with a first- and second-degree perineal tear and episiotomy - a qualitative study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- The severity of second-degree perineal tears and dyspareunia during one year postpartum: A prospective cohort study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2025Observational
- What delivery-related factors affect postpartum recovery? A systematic review.AJOG global reports · 2025Review
- Evolution of Episiotomy Incidence and Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury Over 10 Years: A Mixed-Methods Study.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2025Article
- Impact of perineal pain and delivery related factors on interference with activities of daily living until 1 month postpartum: A longitudinal prospective study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Article
- Variability of clinical practice in the care of the second stage of labor among midwives in Spain.BMC nursing · 2024Article
- Neglected medium-term and long-term consequences of labour and childbirth: a systematic analysis of the burden, recommended practices, and a way forward.The Lancet. Global health · 2024Review
- Factors associated with perineal pain on the first postnatal day after vaginal delivery: a cross-sectional study of primiparous women.Nagoya journal of medical science · 2024Article
- The Utility of COJournal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introduction and hypothesisPerineal pain and dyspareunia are experienced by women undergoing a vaginal birth that can have short and longer term physical and psychological morbidities. This review aimed to determine the incidence of perineal pain and dyspareunia following spontaneous vaginal birth (SVB) with intact perineum, first and second-degree perineal trauma or episiotomy.
methodsSearches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED and MIDIRS (inception - December 2017) were undertaken with selection criteria of any study evaluating the effect of intact perineum, first- or second-degree perineal trauma on perineal pain or dyspareunia in women with SVB.
resultsEighteen studies (8 RCTs and 10 NRSs) were included. Fourteen and 12 studies were undertaken to assess perineal pain and dyspareunia after SVB, respectively. Meta-analysis of 16 studies (3133 women) demonstrated that women at 2 days postpartum experienced nearly the same incidence of perineal pain whether perineal trauma existed or not. At 4-10 days postpartum there was a significant reduction in the incidence of perineal pain for both presence and absence of any perineal trauma. Episiotomy was associated with the highest rate of perineal pain. The incidence of dyspareunia was high at resumption of sexual intercourse following SVB with an intact perineum. At 12 months, women still experienced dyspareunia whether perineal trauma existed or not.
conclusionsWomen experience perineal pain and dyspareunia regardless of the presence or absence of perineal trauma after SVB; nonetheless, the reported incidence is higher if perineal trauma occurred.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.