ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2019
Innate Immune Modulation by GM-CSF and IL-3 in Health and Disease.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- A Literature Review of Interleukins in the Development and Treatment of Breast Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Cytokine Receptor-like Factor 3 (CRLF3) and Its Emerging Roles in Neurobiology, Hematopoiesis and Related Human Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Reduced plasma levels of GM-CSF is a common feature ofFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- βc receptor antagonism mitigates sarcoidosis granuloma formation by targeting inflammatory signals and aberrant lipid metabolism.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Granulocyte- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Reverses Immunosuppression Acutely Following a Traumatic Brain Injury and Hemorrhage Polytrauma in a Juvenile Male Rat Model.Journal of neurotrauma · 2024Article
- Inhaled GM-CSF administered during ongoing pneumovirus infection alters myeloid and CD8 T cell immunity without affecting disease outcome.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Injury-experienced satellite cells retain long-term enhanced regenerative capacity.Stem cell research & therapy · 2023Article
- The Role of Cytokine-Inducible SH2 Domain-Containing Protein (CISH) in the Regulation of Basal and Cytokine-Mediated Myelopoiesis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Autoantibodies to IgE can induce the release of proinflammatory and vasoactive mediators from human cardiac mast cells.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2023Article
- Peptide-Based Vaccine against Breast Cancer: Recent Advances and Prospects.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Myeloid-derived suppressor cells promote the formation of abdominal aortic aneurysms through the IL-3-ICOSL-ICOS axis.BBA advances · 2023Article
- The role of inflammation in autoimmune disease: a therapeutic target.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- A Microwell-Based Intestinal Organoid-Macrophage Co-Culture System to Study Intestinal Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Biologics and airway remodeling in severe asthma.Allergy · 2022Review
- The lung microbiome, peripheral gene expression, and recurrence-free survival after resection of stage II non-small cell lung cancer.Genome medicine · 2022Article
- The innate immune system stimulating cytokine GM-CSF improves learning/memory and interneuron and astrocyte brain pathology in Dp16 Down syndrome mice and improves learning/memory in wild-type mice.Neurobiology of disease · 2022Article
- Basophils from allergy to cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Taro Lectin Can Act as a Cytokine-Mimetic Compound, Stimulating Myeloid and T Lymphocyte Lineages and Protecting Progenitors in Murine Bone Marrow.Pharmaceutics · 2021Article
- Cytochalasin B-Induced Membrane Vesicles from Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Overexpressing IL2 Are Able to Stimulate CD8Biology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and inteleukin-3 (IL-3) have long been known as mediators of emergency myelopoiesis, but recent evidence has highlighted their critical role in modulating innate immune effector functions in mice and humans. This new wealth of knowledge has uncovered novel aspects of the pathogenesis of a range of disorders, including infectious, neoplastic, autoimmune, allergic and cardiovascular diseases. Consequently, GM-CSF and IL-3 are now being investigated as therapeutic targets for some of these disorders, and some phase I/II clinical trials are already showing promising results. There is also pre-clinical and clinical evidence that GM-CSF can be an effective immunostimulatory agent when being combined with anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (anti-CTLA-4) in patients with metastatic melanoma as well as in novel cancer immunotherapy approaches. Finally, GM-CSF and to a lesser extent IL-3 play a critical role in experimental models of trained immunity by acting not only on bone marrow precursors but also directly on mature myeloid cells. Altogether, characterizing GM-CSF and IL-3 as central mediators of innate immune activation is poised to open new therapeutic avenues for several immune-mediated disorders and define their potential in the context of immunotherapies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.