ArticleNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco2020
Goal-Directed and Habitual Control in Smokers.
Article in Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Etiologic, Theory-Based, Ontogenetic Hierarchical Framework of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Translational Systematic Review of Reviews.Psychological bulletin · 2021Pooled it
- When the Mind Cannot Shift: Cognitive Flexibility Impairments in Methamphetamine-Dependent Individuals.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Increasingly dependent on habit? A study on the electrophysiological mechanisms of goal-directed and habitual control in internet gaming disorder.Journal of behavioral addictions · 2025Article
- Left Ventral Caudate Functional Connectivity Mediates the Relationship Between Habitual Responding and Alcohol Use.The European journal of neuroscience · 2025Article
- Defending and defining compulsive behaviour in addiction.Addiction biology · 2024Article
- Motivated reasoning and scientific racism in compulsion theory of human addiction: Methodological framework to promote social justice.Addiction biology · 2024Article
- Neither Amphetamine nor Sub-Anesthetic Ketamine Treatment during Adolescence Impairs Devaluation in Rats Tested during Adulthood.Journal of integrative neuroscience · 2024Article
- A novel free-operant framework enables experimental habit induction in humans.Behavior research methods · 2024Article
- Impairments in expression of devaluation in a Pavlovian goal-tracking task, but not a free operant devaluation task, after fentanyl exposure in female rats.Behavioural brain research · 2024Article
- Article
- Translational models of addiction phenotypes to advance addiction pharmacotherapy.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2023Review
- On the interrelation between alcohol addiction-like behaviors in rats.Psychopharmacology · 2022Article
- β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes mediate nicotine-induced enhancement of Pavlovian conditioned responding to an alcohol cue.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2022Article
- Psychometric investigation of the Chinese version of the Habit, Reward and Fear Scale (HRFS).Brain and behavior · 2021Article
- Computational theory-driven studies of reinforcement learning and decision-making in addiction: What have we learned?Current opinion in behavioral sciences · 2021Article
- Impaired Formation and Expression of Goal-Directed and Habitual Control in Parkinson's Disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2021Article
- The transition to compulsion in addiction.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2020Review
- Addiction is driven by excessive goal-directed drug choice under negative affect: translational critique of habit and compulsion theory.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2020Review
- Capturing habitualness of drinking and smoking behavior in humans.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Article
- Pre-training inactivation of basolateral amygdala and mediodorsal thalamus, but not orbitofrontal cortex or prelimbic cortex, impairs devaluation in a multiple-response/multiple-reinforcer cued operant task.Behavioural brain research · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionHarmful behavior such as smoking may reflect a disturbance in the balance of goal-directed and habitual control. Animal models suggest that habitual control develops after prolonged substance use. In this study, we investigated whether smokers (N = 49) differ from controls (N = 46) in the regulation of goal-directed and habitual behavior. It was also investigated whether individual differences in nicotine dependence levels were associated with habitual responding.
methodsWe used two different multistage instrumental learning tasks that consist of an instrumental learning phase, subsequent outcome devaluation, and a testing phase to measure the balance between goal-directed and habitual responding. The testing phases of these tasks occurred after either appetitive versus avoidance instrumental learning. The appetitive versus aversive instrumental learning stages in the two different tasks modeled positive versus negative reinforcement, respectively.
resultsSmokers and nonsmoking controls did not differ on habitual versus goal-directed control in either task. Individual differences in nicotine dependence within the group of smokers, however, were positively associated with habitual responding after appetitive instrumental learning. This effect seems to be due to impaired stimulus-outcome learning, thereby hampering goal-directed task performance and tipping the balance to habitual responding.
conclusionsThe current finding highlights the importance of individual differences within smokers. For future research, neuroimaging studies are suggested to further unravel the nature of the imbalance between goal-directed versus habitual control in severely dependent smokers by directly measuring activity in the corresponding brain systems. IMPLICATIONS: Goal-directed versus habitual behavior in substance use and addiction is highly debated. This study investigated goal-directed versus habitual control in smokers. The findings suggest that smokers do not differ from controls in goal-directed versus habitual control. Individual differences in nicotine dependence within smokers, however, were positively associated with habitual responding after appetitive instrumental learning. This effect seems to be due to impaired stimulus-outcome learning, thereby hampering goal-directed task performance and tipping the balance to habitual responding. These findings add to the ongoing debate on habitual versus goal-directed control in addiction and emphasize the importance of individual differences within smokers.
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