ArticleWomen's midlife health2018
The role of smoking in the relationship between intimate partner violence and age at natural menopause: a mediation analysis.
Article in Women's midlife health, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- The intersection of domestic abuse and menopause: a scoping review.BMC women's health · 2025Article
- Magnitude of Spousal Violence and Associated Factors among Midlife Women in Ethiopia.Ethiopian journal of health sciences · 2023Article
- A gender-specific assessment of tobacco use risk factors: evidence from the latest Pakistan demographic and health survey.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Gender differences in the acceptance of wife-beating in Nigeria: evidence from the 2018 Demographic and Health Survey.Heliyon · 2021Article
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4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAge at natural menopause (ANM) is considered as a biologic marker of health and ageing. The relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and ANM is currently unknown, and whether smoking plays a role in this relationship is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the association between IPV and ANM and to quantify the effect mediated through smoking.
methodsData were drawn from the 1946-51 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, a prospective cohort study first conducted in 1996. History of IPV (yes or no) was self-reported at baseline. ANM was confirmed by at least 12 months of cessation of menses where this was not a result of medical interventions such as bilateral oophorectomy or hysterectomy and categorised as <45 (early menopause), 45-49, 50-51, 52-53, and ≥54 years. Regression models and mediation analyses based on the counterfactual framework were performed to examine the relationship between IPV and ANM and to quantify the proportion mediated through smoking (never, past, current <10, 10-19 and ≥20 cigarettes/day).
resultsOf 6138 women in the study with natural menopause, 932 (15%) reported a history of IPV and 429 (7.0%) had an early ANM (before age 45 years). Women with IPV were more likely to smoke and be heavy smokers (Odds Ratio: 2.77, 95% CI 2.19-3.51). Women with IPV were also at increased risk of early menopause (ANM <45 years) (Relative Risk Ratio: 1.36, 95% CI 1.03-1.80) after accounting for education level, income difficulties, age at menarche, parity, body mass index, and perceived stress, compared to the reference group (women without IPV and ANM at 50-51 years). This relationship was attenuated after adjusting for smoking (Relative Risk Ratio: 1.20, 95% CI 0.90-1.59). Mediation analysis showed that cigarette smoking explained 36.7% of the association between IPV and early menopause (ANM <45 vs. ≥45 years).
conclusionCigarette smoking substantially mediated the relationship between IPV and early menopause. Findings suggest that as part of addressing the impact of IPV, timely interventions that result in cessation of smoking will partly mitigate the increased risk of early menopause.
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