ArticleVaccine2019
Inactivated or damaged? Comparing the effect of inactivation methods on influenza virions to optimize vaccine production.
Article in Vaccine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Inactivation of Wild Poliovirus with β-Propiolactone.Vaccines · 2026Article
- From legacy to innovation: A comprehensive review of vaccine platforms against viral infections.Virus research · 2026Review
- A continuous viral vaccine biomanufacturing platform utilizing multiple bioreactor configurations.Journal of biological engineering · 2026Article
- A plant gallotannin pentagalloyl d-glucose elicits antiviral activity against influenza A and B viruses through multi-targeting mechanisms.Archives of virology · 2026Article
- AddaVax-Adjuvanted Inactivated Vaccine Confers Protection Against Listeria monocytogenes Challenge in Mice.Current microbiology · 2026Article
- Sulfur-containing class of broad-spectrum antivirals improves influenza virus vaccine development.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Effects of binary ethyleneimine and formaldehyde inactivation methods on foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine immune responses and kinetics.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Intranasal NS1-truncated live attenuated canine influenza vaccine confers superior protection compared to inactivated vaccine in beagles.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Optimizing formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine combinations for inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus GR12: insights from Indonesia's third outbreak for local vaccine development.Veterinary world · 2025Article
- Article
- Epitope-optimized vaccine elicits enduring immunity against swine influenza A virus.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Assessing the effect of beta-propiolactone inactivation on the antigenicity and immunogenicity of cluster 2.1 duck Tembusu virus.Poultry science · 2025Article
- Observational
- Article
- Review
- Structure-guided assembly of an influenza spike nanobicelle vaccine provides pan H1 intranasal protection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Antibody-independent surface plasmon resonance assays for influenza vaccine quality control.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Review
- Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a co-formulated two-in-one inactivated whole virus particle COVID-19/influenza vaccine.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Swine influenza A virus: challenges and novel vaccine strategies.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The vast majority of commercially available inactivated influenza vaccines are produced from egg-grown or cell-grown live influenza virus. The first step in the production process is virus inactivation with β-propiolactone (BPL) or formaldehyde (FA). Recommendations for production of inactivated vaccines merely define the maximal concentration for both reagents, leaving the optimization of the process to the manufacturers. We assessed the effect of inactivation with BPL and FA on 5 different influenza virus strains. The properties of the viral formulation, such as successful inactivation, preservation of hemagglutinin (HA) binding ability, fusion capacity and the potential to stimulate a Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) reporter cell line were then assessed and compared to the properties of the untreated virus. Inactivation with BPL resulted in undetectable infectivity levels, while FA-treated virus retained very low infectious titers. Hemagglutination and fusion ability were highly affected by those treatments that conferred higher inactivation, with BPL-treated virus binding and fusing at a lower degree compared to FA-inactivated samples. On the other hand, BPL-inactivated virus induced higher levels of activation of TLR7 than FA-inactivated virus. The alterations caused by BPL or FA treatments were virus strain dependent. This data shows that the inactivation procedures should be tailored on the virus strain, and that many other elements beside the concentration of the inactivating agent, such as incubation time and temperature, buffer and virus concentration, have to be defined to achieve a functional product.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.