SynthesisPloS one2019
Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism on hypertension in Africa: A meta-analysis and systematic review.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association BetweenInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Pooled it
- The frequency of the ACE I/D polymorphism in South America: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2024Pooled it
- DNA Methylation of Candidate Genes (ACE II, IFN-γ, AGTR 1, CKG, ADD1, SCNN1B and TLR2) in Essential Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Quantitative Evidence Synthesis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Pooled it
- Association between angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism and essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system : JRAASPooled it
- Preliminary Application of Antihypertensive Gene Detection in the Treatment of Hypertension.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Trial
- Associations of genetic variants in TCF7L2, MC4R, AGT and ACE genes with cardiometabolic diseases in Black South Africans.BMC medical genomics · 2026Article
- Hypertension pharmacogenetics and limitations in Africa - a focus on the ACE, AGTR1 and CYP2C9 genes.Journal of human hypertension · 2026Review
- Impact of lifestyle modification practices and pharmacogenetics ofJournal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Review
- Managing Refractory Hypertension: A Case Study Exploring the Influence of ACE and ACTN3 Gene Polymorphisms.Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine · 2025Article
- Impact of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) Gene Polymorphism in Essential Hypertension and Antihypertensive Drug Therapy: A Review.International journal of hypertension · 2025Review
- The Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism on the Severity and Death Rate of COVID-19 in Iranian Patients.Biochemical genetics · 2024Article
- The Impact of Pentraxin 3 Serum Levels and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Polymorphism on Pulmonary Infiltrates and Mortality in COVID-19 Patients.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Genetic Factors Contributing to the Pathogenesis of Essential Hypertension in Two African Populations.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Article
- Association between Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphism and hypertension in a Ghanaian population.PloS one · 2024Article
- Diagnostic efficacy of cystatin-c in association with different ACE genes predicting renal insufficiency in T2DM.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Summary of Known Genetic and Epigenetic Modification Contributed to Hypertension.International journal of hypertension · 2023Review
- Review
- Pathophysiologically based antihypertensive pharmacotherapeutics rationality, efficacy and safety in Sub Saharan African Nations - A review.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2021Review
- Genetic analysis of pharmacogenomic VIP variants in the Wa population from Yunnan Province of China.BMC genomic data · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHypertension is dramatically increasing in Africa with evidence of increased severity and resistance to treatment. Although angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism is associated with higher prevalence of hypertension, the evidence is inconclusive on its influence on the emerging pattern in Africa. This meta-analysis is conducted to pool the available evidence to inform future research and interventions.
methodsArticles published through May 2018 were systematically searched in PubMed, Scopus and EMBASE databases. Studies were assessed for inclusion by two independent researchers. Six models were used to assess the effect of angiotensin converting enzyme deletion-insertion gene polymorphism. Heterogeneity and publication bias were tested and sensitivity analysis was carried out. Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals were measured for pooled effect. Both random effect and fixed effect models were used, whilst the frequency of DD, II and DI genotypes were computed and compared.
resultPatients with D allele were 1.49 times more likely to develop essential hypertension compared with patients who carry the I allele (OR:1.49; CI:1.07, 2.07). Similarly, patients who had homozygous co-dominance genotype DD (i.e., DD vs II) were at a 2.17 times higher risk of essential hypertension compared to the co-dominant genotype II (OR:2.17, CI:1.79, 3.18), dominant model (I.e., DD+ID vs II) (OR:1.48; CI:1.03, 2.12), and recessive model (OR:1.64; CI:1.03, 2.61). On subgroup analysis, participants from Sub-Saharan Africa were more genetically susceptible to hypertension compared to their North Africa counterparts. There was no publication bias found, but there was high to moderate heterogeneity.
conclusionACE I/D polymorphism is associated with essential hypertension in Africa in the allele contrast model, as well as the dominant, recessive and homozygous codominance model. On subgroup analysis, ACE I/D was associated with essential hypertension in patients from Sub-Saharan Africa but not in North Africa. A future large scale study, which includes different ethnic groups, is recommended.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.