ArticleBirth (Berkeley, Calif.)2019
Rising rates of cesarean delivery in Ecuador: Socioeconomic and institutional determinants over two decades.
Article in Birth (Berkeley, Calif.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Food allergy in preschool children in Qingdao, China: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Altitude and risk of pre-eclampsia: insights from a large-scale epidemiological study in Ecuador.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Association of Maternal Risk Factors with the Prevalence of Caesarean Section Deliveries: A Cross-Sectional Study.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Predicting Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorders in a Cohort of Pregnant Patients in the North-East Region of Romania-Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Trend and Sociodemographic Correlates of Cesarean Section Utilization in Nepal: Evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys 2006-2016.BioMed research international · 2021Article
- Trends and correlates of cesarean section rates over two decades in Nepal.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2020Article
- Cesarean section and risk of allergies in Ecuadorian children: A cross-sectional study.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEcuador's cesarean delivery rate far exceeds that recommended by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Using data from three iterations of Ecuador's nationally representative, population-based survey Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (ENSANUT/ENDEMAIN), spanning 23 years, this study examines women's mode of delivery outcomes by sociodemographic characteristics and hospital type (private, public, social security) in light of Ecuador's major health care reform over the past two decades.
methodsUsing data from the 1994, 2004, and 2012 iterations of the data set, we analyzed trends in cesarean delivery based on province, year, and institution of care. Logistic regression was used to test the odds of cesarean delivery based on hospital type, sociodemographics, and birth complications for the full sample and primiparous women. Predicted probabilities were derived from this model.
resultsEcuador's cesarean rate increased from 22% in 1989 to 41% in 2012. From 2008 to 2012, the probability of cesarean delivery in private centers was significantly higher than in public centers, and from 2009 to 2012, the probability of cesarean delivery in social security centers was significantly higher than in public centers. Higher maternal age, income, education, and parity, earlier prenatal care initiation, and more prenatal visits were associated with risk for cesarean delivery.
conclusionsTo decrease the adverse effects of cesarean delivery for women and their babies, cesarean delivery should be reduced. Future research should investigate how incentive structures are used and how medical indication is defined within health institutions in Ecuador.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.