ReviewFrontiers in psychiatry2018
The Group of Treatment Resistant Schizophrenias. Heterogeneity in Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia (TRS).
Review in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Brain structural abnormalities in treatment-resistant schizophrenia.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Non-Clozapine interventions in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Accuracy of machine learning methods in predicting prognosis of patients with psychotic spectrum disorders: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Genetic overlap between treatment-resistant schizophrenia and smoking initiation.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- A case of marked improvement in pareidolia in untreated schizophrenia following antipsychotic treatment.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2026Article
- The Use of Long-Acting Injectables for People with Schizophrenia: Consensus Panel Recommendations for Overcoming Barriers and Implementing Treatment.Neurology and therapy · 2025Article
- How Real-World Data Can Facilitate the Development of Precision Medicine Treatment in Psychiatry.Biological psychiatry · 2024Review
- Prediction of Clinical Outcomes in Psychotic Disorders Using Artificial Intelligence Methods: A Scoping Review.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Polygenic liability for antipsychotic dosage and polypharmacy - a real-world registry and biobank study.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Article
- Alterations of serum neuropeptide levels and their relationship to cognitive impairment and psychopathology in male patients with chronic schizophrenia.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Genetic variation in glutamatergic genes moderates the effects of childhood adversity on brain volume and IQ in treatment-resistant schizophrenia.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2023Article
- Polygenic overlap with body-mass index improves prediction of treatment-resistant schizophrenia.Psychiatry research · 2023Article
- Altered Patterns of Brain Glucose Metabolism Involve More Extensive and Discrete Cortical Areas in Treatment-resistant Schizophrenia Patients Compared to Responder Patients and Controls: Results From a Head-to-Head 2-[18F]-FDG-PET Study.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Article
- Dopamine Dynamics and Neurobiology of Non-Response to Antipsychotics, Relevance for Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Self-Assembling Lecithin-Based Mixed Polymeric Micelles for Nose to Brain Delivery of Clozapine: In-vivo Assessment of Drug Efficacy via Radiobiological Evaluation.International journal of nanomedicine · 2023Article
- Second to none: rationale, timing, and clinical management of clozapine use in schizophrenia.Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology · 2023Review
- Clinical correlates of early onset antipsychotic treatment resistance.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2022Article
- Cytokine Imbalance as a Biomarker of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- A multimodal study of a first episode psychosis cohort: potential markers of antipsychotic treatment resistance.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Article
- Subtyping Schizophrenia Patients Based on Patterns of Structural Brain Alterations.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Schizophrenia is composed of a heterogeneous group of patient segments. Our current notion of the heterogeneity in schizophrenia is based on patients presenting with diverse disease symptom phenotypes, risk factors, structural and functional neuropathology, and a mixed range of expressed response to treatment. It is important for clinicians to recognize the various clinical presentations of resistance to treatment in schizophrenia and to understand how heterogeneity across treatment resistant patient segments may potentially inform new strategies for the development of effective treatments for Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia (TRS). The heterogeneity of schizophrenia may be reduced by parsing patient segments based on whether patients demonstrate an adequate or inadequate response to treatment. In our current concept of TRS, TRS is defined as non-response to at least two adequate trials of antipsychotic medication and is estimated to affect about 30% of all patients with schizophrenia. In this narrative review, the author discusses that the demonstration of inadequate response to antipsychotic drugs (APDs) may infer that some TRS patients may be suffering from a non-dopamine pathophysiology since D2 receptor antagonist-based treatment is ineffective. Preliminary neurobiological findings may further support the pathophysiologic distinction of TRS from that of general schizophrenia. Investigation of the basis for heterogeneity in TRS through the systematic investigation of relevant "clusters" of similarly at risk individuals may hopefully bring us closer to realize a precision medicine approach for developing effective therapies for TRS patient segments.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.