ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2019
Enterovirus as trigger of coeliac disease: nested case-control study within prospective birth cohort.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05094232 (Epidemiologic Evolution of Coeliac Disease in Spain and Risk Factors Influencing Disease Prevalence), which is not on this map. Cited by 64 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Epidemiologic Evolution of Coeliac Disease in Spain and Risk Factors Influencing Disease Prevalence
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease 2025 Updated Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Coeliac Disease in Adults. Part 1: Diagnostic Approach.United European gastroenterology journal · 2025Guideline
- Pooled it
- Viruses and celiac disease: what do we know ?Clinical and experimental medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Pleconaril and ribavirin in new-onset type 1 diabetes: a phase 2 randomized trial.Nature medicine · 2023Trial
- Beyond Bacteria: The Emerging Role of the Gut Virome and Mycobiome in Celiac Disease.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Gene-Environment Interactions in Celiac Disease: The Role of the Intestinal Epithelium.Lifestyle genomics · 2026Review
- Microbial associations and viruses on the risk of celiac disease (MAVRiC): a longitudinal post-hoc case-cohort study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Wheat-Related Gastrointestinal Diseases: Narrative Review.The Turkish journal of gastroenterology : the official journal of Turkish Society of Gastroenterology · 2025Review
- Impact of placental and peripheral blood DNA methylation on celiac disease susceptibility.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2025Article
- Immune-epithelial-stromal networks define the cellular ecosystem of the small intestine in celiac disease.Nature immunology · 2025Article
- Microbiome Markers in Gastrointestinal Disorders: Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Colorectal Cancer, and Celiac Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Is the microbiome important in celiac disease?Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology · 2025Article
- The Role of Infant and Early Childhood Gut Virome in Immunity and the Triggering of Autoimmunity-A Narrative Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Coeliac disease and microbiota: is it time for personalised biotics intervention? A scoping review.BMJ nutrition, prevention & health · 2025Article
- Viral infections in celiac disease: what should be considered for better management.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2024Review
- Risk of celiac disease autoimmunity is modified by interactions between CD247 and environmental exposures.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The Role of Viruses in the Pathogenesis of Immune-Mediated Gastro-Intestinal Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Review
- Non-Host Factors Influencing Onset and Severity of Celiac Disease.Gastroenterology · 2024Review
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo determine whether infection with human enterovirus or adenovirus, both common intestinal viruses, predicts development of coeliac disease.
designCase-control study nested within Norwegian birth cohort recruited between 2001 and 2007 and followed to September 2016.
settingNorwegian population.
participantsChildren carrying the HLA genotype DR4-DQ8/DR3-DQ2 conferring increased risk of coeliac disease. EXPOSURES: Enterovirus and adenovirus detected using real time polymerase chain reaction in monthly stool samples from age 3 to 36 months.
main outcome measureCoeliac disease diagnosed according to standard criteria. Coeliac disease antibodies were tested in blood samples taken at age 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and then annually. Adjusted odds ratios from mixed effects logistic regression model were used to assess the relation between viral infections before development of coeliac disease antibodies and coeliac disease.
resultsAmong 220 children, and after a mean of 9.9 (SD 1.6) years, 25 children were diagnosed as having coeliac disease after screening and were matched to two controls each. Enterovirus was found in 370 (17%) of 2135 samples and was significantly more frequent in samples collected before development of coeliac disease antibodies in cases than in controls (adjusted odds ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.07 to 2.06; P=0.02). The association was restricted to infections after introduction of gluten. High quantity samples (>100 000 copies/μL) (adjusted odds ratio 2.11, 1.24 to 3.60; P=0.01) and long lasting infections (>2 months) (2.16, 1.16 to 4.04; P=0.02) gave higher risk estimates. Both the commonly detected enterovirus species
conclusionsIn this longitudinal study, a higher frequency of enterovirus, but not adenovirus, during early childhood was associated with later coeliac disease. The finding adds new information on the role of viral infections in the aetiology of coeliac disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.