ReviewParasitology research2019
Helminths protect against type 1 diabetes: effects and mechanisms.
Review in Parasitology research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International health · 2024Pooled it
- Advances of microneedle technology for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Phenotype of insulin-dependent diabetes in chronic undernutrition: beta cell stress and immune dysfunction-a rural sub-Saharan perspective on type 5 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2025Review
- Microbiome-Induced Autoimmunity and Novel Therapeutic Intervention.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2023Review
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus in the context of high levels of rural deprivation: differences in demographic and anthropometric characteristics between urban and rural cases in NW Ethiopia.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2023Article
- Immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus by adjuvant-free Schistosoma japonicum-egg tip-loaded asymmetric microneedle patch (STAMP).Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2022Article
- The Role of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) in the Immune Response against Parasites.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- How the gut parasitome affects human health.Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology · 2022Review
- The effects of helminth infections against type 2 diabetes.Parasitology research · 2021Review
- Immune System Investigation Using Parasitic Helminths.Annual review of immunology · 2021Review
- Revisiting the Hygiene Hypothesis in the Context of Autoimmunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Amelioration of type 1 diabetes by recombinant fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and cystatin derived from Schistosoma japonicum in a murine model.Parasitology research · 2020Article
- AxenicJournal of translational autoimmunity · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which cells of the immune system destroy pancreatic β cells, which secrete insulin. The high prevalence of T1D in developed societies may be explained by environmental changes, including lower exposure to helminths. Indeed, infection by helminths such as Schistosoma, Filaria, and Heligmosomoides polygyrus and their by-products has been reported to ameliorate or prevent the development of T1D in human and animal models. Helminths can trigger distinct immune regulatory pathways, often involving adaptive immune cells that include T helper 2 (Th2) cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) and innate immune cells that include dendritic cells, macrophages, and invariant natural killer T cells, which may act synergistically to induce Tregs in a Toll-like receptor-dependent manner. Cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β also play an important role in protection from T1D. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the effects and mechanisms underlying protection against T1D by helminths.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.