ReviewThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2019
Diagnosis and Management of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use.
Review in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy on Fat Mass and Glucose Homeostasis in Humans and Animals: A Narrative Review with Systematic Literature Search.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Pooled it
- Essential blood testing in the patient using androgenic anabolic steroids: a clinical practice guideline for primary care.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2024Guideline
- Effect of androgen abuse on sleep apnea in men: a prospective cohort study.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Observational
- Stanozolol, an anabolic-androgenic steroid, modulates expression of receptors and disrupts uterine histoarchitecture in Mus musculus.Journal of molecular histology · 2026Article
- Post-cycle therapy after androgen abuse: a narrative review of mechanisms, evidence, and clinical perspectives.Endocrine connections · 2026Article
- Adiposity, not chronological aging, is the dominant determinant of circulating testosterone in US adult men.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2026Article
- Off-label testosterone therapy is associated with higher long-term cardiovascular risk in men.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Enhanced games and performance-optimized athletes: anticipating the orthopedic challenges, a narrative review.Acta orthopaedica et traumatologica turcica · 2026Review
- Purtscher-Like Retinopathy in a Young Male With Renal Failure Following Bodybuilding Supplement Overuse: A Case Report.Case reports in medicine · 2026Article
- Delphi Consensus on Attenuated Androgen Use for Long-Term Prophylaxis in Hereditary Angioedema: AURA Project.Clinical and translational allergy · 2025Article
- Acute Myocardial Infarct in a Young Bodybuilder Taking Anabolic Steroids: A Case Report.Cureus · 2025Article
- Thrombotic complications of glucocorticoids and anabolic steroids.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2025Review
- Article
- Best Practice Guidance for Male Individuals Using Anabolic Androgenic Steroids in Recreational Sports Within Primary Care: Protocol for a Modified Delphi Consensus Study.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Psychiatric complications of androgenic-anabolic steroid use in powerlifters.Indian journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- Medical treatment prior to micro-TESE.Asian journal of andrology · 2025Review
- Clinician's guide to the management of azoospermia induced by exogenous testosterone or anabolic-androgenic steroids.Asian journal of andrology · 2025Review
- Can lifestyle changes significantly improve male fertility: A narrative review?Arab journal of urology · 2025Review
- Prolonged post-androgen abuse hypogonadism: potential mechanisms and a proposed standardized diagnosis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Impacts of Anabolic-androgenic steroid supplementation on female health and offspring: Mechanisms, side effects, and medical perspectives.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
contextThe lifetime prevalence of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use is estimated at 1% to 5% worldwide. AAS use occurs primarily male elite athletes and men who want a muscular appearance. The evidence for effective, safe management of AAS cessation and withdrawal is weak.
designKey studies were extracted from PubMed (1990-2018) and Google Scholar with reference searches from relevant retrieved articles.
resultsThe proven adverse effects of AASs include suppression of the gonadal axis and infertility, hirsutism and defeminization in women, and erythrocytosis. Alkylated AASs that are taken orally may cause hepatopathy. There is an association between high-dosage AAS use and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Clues for AAS use include very low serum high-density cholesterol and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations and unexplained erythrocytosis. For elite athletes, the biological passport (monitoring of blood or urinary androgen and androgen precursor concentrations after determining the athlete's baseline) is useful for detecting AAS use. For nonelite athletes, the best method to confirm AAS use is to inquire in a nonjudgmental manner. Cessation of chronic AAS use is associated with a withdrawal syndrome of anxiety and depression.
conclusionsMen who use AASs <1 year typically recover normal hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis function within 1 year after cessation. Men who have infertility due to high-dosage AAS use ≥1 year might benefit from short-term treatment with clomiphene or human chorionic gonadotropin.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.