ArticleThe Journal of clinical investigation2019
Spatially distinct tumor immune microenvironments stratify triple-negative breast cancers.
Article in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 289 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
289 citing papers in PubMed.
- The immunology of human breast cancer.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- SPRED2 Negatively Regulates CD8Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Lactobacillus salivarius potentiates gastrointestinal cancer immunotherapy through its metabolite chenodeoxycholic acid.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Lysyl oxidase inhibition disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis to create vulnerability to ferroptosis in TNBC.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- The FAP × CD3 bispecific antibody OMTX305 induces T cell-mediated antitumor effects in patient-derived ex vivo models of solid tumors.Science advances · 2026Article
- Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes differ across MammaPrint® classifications in breast cancer.Endocrine-related cancer · 2026Article
- Current and future therapies for triple-negative breast cancer.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- RaFiST: a radiomics model for non-invasive stratification of tumor fibrosis and prognostic prediction in non-small cell lung cancer.European radiology · 2026Article
- CHD6 promotes triple-negative breast cancer progression and is associated with PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways.International journal of clinical oncology · 2026Article
- Emerging role of human epidermal growth factor 2-low status in the prognosis and management of triple-negative breast cancer: a narrative review.Translational cancer research · 2026Review
- Multi-omic Profiling of Recurrence Risk Across Breast Cancer Subtypes.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Spatial organization of the TNBC tumor microenvironment: multicellular niches, T-cell bottlenecks, and therapeutic opportunities.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Glutathione-depleting self-immolative nanoparticles boost cuproptosis-driven metalloimmunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Review
- NOS2 and COX2 impact the spatial landscape of CD8Redox biology · 2026Review
- Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis identifies DNA methylation signatures associated with immune evasion and predicts immunotherapy response in breast cancer.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Spatial transcriptomics in cancer research: insights into tumorigenesis, diagnosis and therapeutics.Cell death discovery · 2026Review
- 3D EM uncovers mitochondrial network remodeling in residual triple negative breast cancer after conventional chemotherapy treatments.iScience · 2026Article
- Cancer-associated fibroblasts and tertiary lymphoid structure orchestrate the spatial architecture of tumor immunity.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- Spatial profiling defines three immunophenotypes and a perineural invasion-associated immune-evasion niche in gallbladder cancer.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2026Article
229 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
23 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Understanding the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) promises to be key for optimal cancer therapy, especially in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Integrating spatial resolution of immune cells with laser capture microdissection gene expression profiles, we defined distinct TIME stratification in TNBC, with implications for current therapies including immune checkpoint blockade. TNBCs with an immunoreactive microenvironment exhibited tumoral infiltration of granzyme B+CD8+ T cells (GzmB+CD8+ T cells), a type 1 IFN signature, and elevated expression of multiple immune inhibitory molecules including indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and resulted in good outcomes. An "immune-cold" microenvironment with an absence of tumoral CD8+ T cells was defined by elevated expression of the immunosuppressive marker B7-H4, signatures of fibrotic stroma, and poor outcomes. A distinct poor-outcome immunomodulatory microenvironment, hitherto poorly characterized, exhibited stromal restriction of CD8+ T cells, stromal expression of PD-L1, and enrichment for signatures of cholesterol biosynthesis. Metasignatures defining these TIME subtypes allowed us to stratify TNBCs, predict outcomes, and identify potential therapeutic targets for TNBC.
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