Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30743050›Full record

ArticleBiomaterials2019

Varying PEG density to control stress relaxation in alginate-PEG hydrogels for 3D cell culture studies.

Sungmin Nam, Ryan Stowers, Junzhe Lou, Yan Xia, Ovijit Chaudhuri

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Biomaterials, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 115 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
115citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

115 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  15. A Tissue Engineering's Guide to Biomimicry.Macromolecular bioscience · 2025
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55 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Sungmin NamDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, CA, USA.
Ryan StowersDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, CA, USA.
Junzhe LouDepartment of Chemistry, Stanford University, CA, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, CA, USA.
Yan XiaDepartment of Chemistry, Stanford University, CA, USA.
Ovijit ChaudhuriDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, CA, USA. Electronic address: chaudhuri@stanford.edu.

Funding

Hydrogels with Controlled Degradation and Stress Relaxation for Engineered CartilageR21AR074070 · NIAMS · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI CHAUDHURI, OVIJIT · 2018 to 2019
$365k
NIAMS NIH HHS R21 AR074070
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Hydrogels are commonly used as artificial extracellular matrices for 3D cell culture and for tissue engineering. Viscoelastic hydrogels with tunable stress relaxation have recently been developed, and stress relaxation in the hydrogels has been found to play a key role in regulating cell behaviors such as differentiation, spreading, and proliferation. Here we report a simple but precise materials approach to tuning stress relaxation of alginate hydrogels with polyethylene glycol (PEG) covalently grafted onto the alginate. Hydrogel relaxation was modulated independent of the initial elastic modulus by varying molecular weight and concentration of PEG along with calcium crosslinking of the alginate. Increased concentration and molecular weight of the PEG resulted in faster stress relaxation, a higher loss modulus, and increased creep. Interestingly, we found that stress relaxation of the hydrogels is determined by the total mass amount of PEG in the hydrogel, and not the molecular weight or concentration of PEG chains alone. We then evaluated the utility of these hydrogels for 3D cell culture. Faster relaxation in RGD-coupled alginate-PEG hydrogels led to increased spreading and proliferation of fibroblasts, and enhanced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Thus, this work establishes a new materials approach to tuning stress relaxation in alginate hydrogels for 3D cell culture.

Indexed as

Stress, Mechanical3T3 CellsAlginatesAnimalsCell Culture TechniquesCell DifferentiationHydrogelsIntegrin beta1Mesenchymal Stem CellsMiceMolecular WeightOsteogenesisPaxillinPolyethylene GlycolsAlginatesHydrogelsIntegrin beta1PaxillinPolyethylene Glycols3D cell culturealginate and PEGHydrogelsStress relaxationViscoelasticity

Identifiers

PMID30743050
PMCPMC6463514

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.