ArticleACS nano2019
3D-Printed Biodegradable Microswimmer for Theranostic Cargo Delivery and Release.
Article in ACS nano, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 147 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
147 citing papers in PubMed.
- Recent Advances in Two-Photon Lithography of 3D Inorganic Microstructures: Glass, Ceramics, Metals, and Carbon.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Review
- Performance Estimation and Ex Vivo Validation of Untethered Magnetic Robots in Soft Tissue.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- CD5Science advances · 2026Article
- Shape-Programmable Particles from Photocurable Poly(β-Amino Esters) for Drug Delivery Applications.Advanced functional materials · 2026Article
- 3D Printing of Magnetic Soft Materials for Functional Structures and Devices.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Review
- Liquid Crystal Polymers as Intrinsically Magnetic and Programmable Soft Materials for Microrobotics.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Magnetic Microspheres as Microrobot Bodies: Optimized Chitosan Modification and Gel Dispersion for Controlled Release of Doxorubicin.Micromachines · 2026Article
- How microrobots should be translated: A clinical and value-centered readiness framework.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2026Review
- Membrane-derived biomimetic nanovesicles in anti-tumor immunotherapy: Advances and outlook.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Physiologically Adaptive Soft Millirobot for Atraumatic Endovascular Therapy.Advanced functional materials · 2026Article
- Fabrication of biodegradable drug-eluting scaffolds by two-photon polymerization.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Active Propelled Micro Robots in Drug Delivery for Urologic Diseases.Micromachines · 2025Review
- Recent advances in engineering nano/microrobots for tumor treatment.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Review
- Ultra-Robust Conductive Hydrogels Enabled by a Gradient Bond-Breaking Pseudo-Drying Strategy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Physiologically Adaptive Soft Millirobot for Atraumatic, Image-Guided Endovascular Therapy.Research square · 2025Article
- Learning to Navigate in Chemical Fields Without A Map at Low Reynolds Numbers.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Interactions Between Active Matters and Endogenous Fields.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Review
- [Influence of porosity and Young's modulus of gelatin methacrylate anhydride hydrogels on the biological behavior of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells].Zhonghua shao shang yu chuang mian xiu fu za zhi · 2025Article
- Novel design of 3D printed tumbling microrobots for in vivo targeted drug delivery.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2025Article
- Fabrication of Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposites: From Traditional Synthesis to Additive Manufacturing.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Review
87 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Untethered mobile microrobots have the potential to leverage minimally invasive theranostic functions precisely and efficiently in hard-to-reach, confined, and delicate inner body sites. However, such a complex task requires an integrated design and engineering, where powering, control, environmental sensing, medical functionality, and biodegradability need to be considered altogether. The present study reports a hydrogel-based, magnetically powered and controlled, enzymatically degradable microswimmer, which is responsive to the pathological markers in its microenvironment for theranostic cargo delivery and release tasks. We design a double-helical architecture enabling volumetric cargo loading and swimming capabilities under rotational magnetic fields and a 3D-printed optimized 3D microswimmer (length = 20 μm and diameter = 6 μm) using two-photon polymerization from a magnetic precursor suspension composed from gelatin methacryloyl and biofunctionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. At normal physiological concentrations, we show that matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) enzyme could entirely degrade the microswimmer in 118 h to solubilized nontoxic products. The microswimmer rapidly responds to the pathological concentrations of MMP-2 by swelling and thereby boosting the release of the embedded cargo molecules. In addition to delivery of the drug type of therapeutic cargo molecules completely to the given microenvironment after full degradation, microswimmers can also release other functional cargos. As an example demonstration, anti-ErbB 2 antibody-tagged magnetic nanoparticles are released from the fully degraded microswimmers for targeted labeling of SKBR3 breast cancer cells in vitro toward a potential future scenario of medical imaging of remaining cancer tissue sites after a microswimmer-based therapeutic delivery operation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.