Social context effects on error-related brain activity are dependent on interpersonal and achievement-related traits.

Brain correlates of performance monitoring, such as the Error-Related Negativity (ERN), are considerably influenced by situational factors. For instance, errors committed during social interaction typically elicit enhanced ERNs. While individual differences in ERN magnitude have been implicated in a wide variety of psychopathologies, it remains unclear how individual dispositions may interact with situational incentives to influence performance monitoring. Here, we analysed how interpersonal (Affiliation) and achievement-related (Agency) traits moderated the effects of interpersonal competition and interpersonal cooperation on the ERN. For this purpose, electroencephalography was collected from 78 participants while they performed a Flanker Task either in a competitive or in a cooperative social context (i.e., between-subjects design). We found that competition predicted enhanced error-related activity patterns compared to cooperation. Furthermore, participants who scored high in Affiliation elicited enhanced error-related activity. Conversely, high Agency scores were associated with reduced error-related activity, but this was only observed in the competitive context. These results indicate that the brain's response to error commission is not only sensitive to social incentives. Rather, the activity of the evaluative system that produces error signals appears to be crucially determined by the personal relevance of the incentives present in the context in which performance is evaluated.