ReviewBrain structure & function2019
The Structural Model: a theory linking connections, plasticity, pathology, development and evolution of the cerebral cortex.
Review in Brain structure & function, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 159 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
159 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A bias-accounting meta-analytic approach refines and expands the cerebellar behavioral topography.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Genetic and phylogenetic uncoupling of structure and function in human transmodal cortex.Nature communications · 2022Pooled it
- Mapping Projectome Heterogeneity of Subiculum Neuron Cell Types.Hippocampus · 2026Article
- Distinct electroencephalography alpha-band rhythms map macroscale brain gradients.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2026Article
- Functional neurological disorder, suggestion and virtual reality: neuroanatomical and computational perspectives.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2026Review
- Comparative insights into insula structure and function.Nature neuroscience · 2026Review
- Selective convergence and graded divergence of hippocampal and amygdala subregions using functional connectivity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Multiscale structural connectome eigenmodes constrain human brain functional dynamics.Communications biology · 2026Article
- The genetic architecture of cortical similarity networks.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Differentiation of cortical areas: effects of free energy minimization with broken symmetry.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2026Article
- An expanded cortical map of von Economo neurons in the human medial prefrontal cortex.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2026Article
- Categorization is 'baked' into the brain.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2026Review
- Internal connectivity of the mouse mesocortical ring and functional implications.Brain structure & function · 2026Article
- Mapping Projectome Heterogeneity of Subiculum Neuron Cell Types.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A data-driven framework linking the connectome to spatial gene expression gradients inspired by chemoaffinity theory.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Cortical Type: The Basis for a Modern Neurodevelopmental Synthesis (Ontogeny, Phylogeny, Synaptic Connectivity) of the Human Cerebral Cortex.The Journal of comparative neurology · 2026Review
- Using multimodal cortical parcellations to identify novel regions of the human cerebral cortex associated with cognitive performance.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Transdiagnostic prevention in youth mental health, Part I: rationale, shared risk factors.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Cortical similarity networks in the rat brain: Postnatal development and sensitivity to early life stress.Network neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Connectivity of the adult human brain with sequential neurogenesis of circuits and transcriptomics signatures.Nature communications · 2025Article
99 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The classical theory of cortical systematic variation has been independently described in reptiles, monotremes, marsupials and placental mammals, including primates, suggesting a common bauplan in the evolution of the cortex. The Structural Model is based on the systematic variation of the cortex and is a platform for advancing testable hypotheses about cortical organization and function across species, including humans. The Structural Model captures the overall laminar structure of areas by dividing the cortical architectonic continuum into discrete categories (cortical types), which can be used to test hypotheses about cortical organization. By type, the phylogenetically ancient limbic cortices-which form a ring at the base of the cerebral hemisphere-are agranular if they lack layer IV, or dysgranular if they have an incipient granular layer IV. Beyond the dysgranular areas, eulaminate type cortices have six layers. The number and laminar elaboration of eulaminate areas differ depending on species or cortical system within a species. The construct of cortical type retains the topology of the systematic variation of the cortex and forms the basis for a predictive Structural Model, which has successfully linked cortical variation to the laminar pattern and strength of cortical connections, the continuum of plasticity and stability of areas, the regularities in the distribution of classical and novel markers, and the preferential vulnerability of limbic areas to neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. The origin of cortical types has been recently traced to cortical development, and helps explain the variability of diseases with an onset in ontogeny.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.