ArticleMolecular neurobiology2019
Microglial Depletion with Clodronate Liposomes Increases Proinflammatory Cytokine Levels, Induces Astrocyte Activation, and Damages Blood Vessel Integrity.
Article in Molecular neurobiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers.
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Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 83 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
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- Microglial maturation across human and mouse as a reference for interpreting large-animal models of perinatal brain injury.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Plant-derived mitochondria mitigate aging-related neurodegeneration by reprogramming microglial mitochondrial energy metabolism.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Article
- Functional border-associated macrophages limit Alzheimer's Disease progression.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- BTLA-mediated regulation of neuroimmune responses enhances recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Neutralizing XCL1 Attenuates Brain Injury and Reduces Lymphocyte and Dendritic Cell Recruitment Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Distinct Role of Dural and Leptomeningeal Macrophages in Maintaining Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage to Meningeal Lymphatic Vessels.The American journal of pathology · 2025Article
- ALDH2 Overexpression Improves the Blood-brain Barrier and Represses Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Through the SIRT1/ROS Axis.Neurochemical research · 2025Article
- Mass-Guided Single-Cell MALDI Imaging of Low-Mass Metabolites Reveals Cellular Activation Markers.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- The Effects of M2 Macrophages-Derived Exosomes on Urethral Fibrosis and Stricture in Scar Formation.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2025Article
- Targeting glioma-associated microglia and macrophages: a new frontier in glioblastoma immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Macrophage metabolism in inflammatory heart disease: new insights and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Systemic Clodronate Liposome Treatment for Depletion of Blood-Contacting Phagocytes and Investigation of Their Role in the Control of Bunyavirus Viremia.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Role of Regulatory T Cells in Intracerebral Hemorrhage.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Article
- The contribution of β-amyloid, Tau and α-synuclein to blood-brain barrier damage in neurodegenerative disorders.Acta neuropathologica · 2024Review
- Macrophage-based therapeutic approaches for cardiovascular diseases.Basic research in cardiology · 2024Review
- Microglia at the blood brain barrier in health and disease.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Review
- The ins and outs of microglial cells in brain health and disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Investigators are increasingly interested in using microglial depletion to study the role of microglia under pathologic conditions. Liposome-encapsulated clodronate is commonly used to eliminate macrophage populations because it causes functionally irreversible inhibition and apoptosis once phagocytized by macrophages. Recent studies have shown that microglia can be depleted in disease models by injecting clodronate liposomes into the brain parenchyma. However, it is unclear whether intracerebral administration of clodronate liposomes is a practical method of eliminating microglia under physiologic conditions or whether microglial depletion induces damage to other brain cells. In this study, injecting 1 μL of clodronate liposomes (7 μg/μL) into the striatum of mice caused ablation of microglia at 1 day that persisted for 3 days. Microglia reappeared in the boundary regions of microglia elimination after 5 days. Importantly, we observed an increase in proinflammatory cytokine levels and an increase in neural/glial antigen 2 and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in the perilesional region. In contrast, expression levels of myelin basic protein, microtubule-associated protein 2, and postsynaptic protein-95 decreased in the periphery of regions where microglia were depleted. Moreover, clodronate liposome administration decreased the density and integrity of blood vessels in the perilesional regions. In cultured primary neurons, clodronate liposome exposure also attenuated ATP synthesis. Together, these findings suggest that intracerebral administration of clodronate liposomes into brain parenchyma can deplete microglia, but can also damage other brain cells and blood vessel integrity.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.